Infect Immun 2004,72(9):5143–5149.PubMedCrossRef 64. Hense BA, Kuttler C, Muller J, Rothballer M, Hartmann A, Sapitinib cost Kreft JU: Does efficiency sensing unify diffusion and quorum sensing? Nat Rev Microbiol 2007,5(3):230–239.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions JNW conceived, designed and performed the experiments, and drafted the manuscript. CLG performed computational analyses and assisted in drafting the manuscript. KLD performed computational analyses, contributed to manuscript development and critically revised the manuscript. HRG helped to

analyze the data and critically revised the manuscript. LGA contributed to the data acquisition and critically revised the manuscript. TAF conceived and coordinated the study and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background RNA polymerase holoenzyme, consisting of a 5-subunit core RNA polymerase (α2ββ’ω) and a dissociable subunit, sigma (σ), initiates bacterial transcription. The σ factor contains selleck compound many of the promoter recognition determinants and several σ factors each recognizing their specific class of promoter sequences have been described [1–5]. In general, in exponentially growing bacteria Quisinostat chemical structure transcription is initiated by RNA polymerase carrying the housekeeping σ, known as σ70 [6]. Alternative σ factors mediate transcription of regulons activated

under specific environmental conditions [7, 8]. The activity of many alternative σs is inhibited by a specific anti-σ factor. In a wide variety of bacterial species the σ factor

σE,, also known as extracytoplasmic isothipendyl factor or ECF, belonging to the group IV σs, is essential in mounting responses to environmental challenges such as oxidative stress, heat shock, and misfolding of membrane proteins [9, 10]. In addition, σE is of importance for virulence of bacterial pathogens [11–22]. The regulon size of σE varies widely among bacterial species studied, ranging from 89 unique σE controlled transcription units in E. coli and related bacteria [23] to a relatively small regulon of 5 genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae [24]. In most examples, the gene encoding σE (rpoE) is located in an autoregulated operon that also contains, directly downstream of rpoE, the gene encoding its cognate anti-σE factor [25–28]. Extensive sequence analysis showed that about one third (1265/˜3600) of known and predicted anti-group IV σ factors, encoded in a gene cluster with a group IV σ (with only one exception), contain a conserved structural N-terminal fold, recently described as the anti-sigma domain (ASD) [26]. Typically, the ASD is in the N-terminus, oriented towards the cytoplasm, preceding a C-terminal transmembrane segment. However, 20% of the 1265 ASD containing proteins are not predicted to contain a transmembrane spanning C-terminal domain [26].

In addition, TaN has been used in high-temperature ceramic pressure sensors because of its good piezoresistive properties [3]. Also, it is an attractive histocompatible material that can be used in artificial heart valves [4]. Among the various tantalum nitride phases, cubic delta-tantalum nitride (δ-TaN), with a NaCl-type structure (space group: Fm3m), exhibits excellent properties selleck chemicals such as high hardness, stability at high temperature,

and superconductivity [5]. In general, it is difficult to produce δ-TaN under ambient conditions since its formation requires high temperature and nitrogen pressure. According to the data reported in another study [6], δ-TaN is ATM/ATR mutation normally made at more than 1,600°C and 16 MPa of nitrogen pressure. Kieffer et al. synthesized cubic TaN by heating hexagonal TaN above 1,700°C at a N2 pressure of 6 atm [7]. Matsumoto and Konuma were successful in producing cubic TaN by heating

hexagonal TaN at a reduced pressure using a plasma jet [8]. Mashimo et al. were able to transform hexagonal TaN into cubic TaN by both static compression and shock compression at high temperature [9]. Cubic TaN in powder form was also synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis technique [10, 11]. In this process, the combustion of metallic tantalum from 350 to 400 MPa of nitrogen pressure resulted in micrometer size δ-TaN at a temperature above 2,000°C. More recently, two approaches, solid-state metathesis reaction and nitridation-thermal

decomposition [12–14], were adopted for the synthesis of nanosized particles of δ-TaN. O’Loughlin et al. used the metathesis reaction of TaCl5 with Li3N and 12 mol of NaN3 to produce δ-TaN [12]. The authors concluded that significant nitrogen pressure created by the addition of NaN3 enabled cubic-phase Chlormezanone TaN to form, along with hexagonal Ta2N. Solid-state metathesis reaction applied to the TaCl5-Na-NH4Cl mixture resulted in a bi-phase product at 650°C comprising both hexagonal and cubic phases of TaN [13]. More recently, Liu et al. reported the synthesis of cubic δ-TaN through homogenous reduction of TaCl5 with sodium in liquid ammonia, with a subsequent annealing process at 1,200°C to 1,400°C under high vacuum [14]. Nitridation-thermal decomposition, a two-step process for the synthesis of cubic δ-TaN, was also reported [15]. In the first step, nanosized Ta2O5 was selleck inhibitor nitrided at 800°C for 8 h under an ammonia flow. The as-prepared product was then thermally decomposed at 1,000°C in nitrogen atmosphere, and cubic nanocrystalline δ-TaN was obtained. In most cases, the products prepared by the above-mentioned methods were often mixtures containing other compounds such as TaN0.5 or other nonstoichiometric phases.

[47], Vibrio cholerae [24] and Pseudomonas stutzeri [25]. Both MLEE and MLRT showed European strains WH-4-023 in vitro to be more heterogeneous than the Indian strains. MLEE revealed that each of the 15 strains from France and Germany had Autophagy Compound Library nmr distinct electrophoretic profiles indicating their heterogeneity.

MLRT also revealed that the European strains, which displayed 5 RTs were more heterogeneous compared to Indian isolates. Genetic heterogeneity of European biovar 1A strains has been reported earlier using PFGE [48] and FAFLP [39]. A previous study using multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis also identified 13 MLVA types among 15 European biovar

1A strains [19]. This suggests that European and Indian strains may constitute separate groups and might be evolving independently in two different settings. It would be interesting to explore these evolutionary aspects by comparative whole genome sequencing or multilocus sequence typing of Indian and European strains. It was also observed that strains with different serotypes (O antigen) types produced identical ETs or RTs PCI-34051 solubility dmso and were closely related genetically. Also, in some cases, same O antigen was shared by strains that were different genotypically. These observations indicate O antigen switching in strains of Y. enterocolitica as suggested recently by MLST [49]. Such observations have however been reported in other bacteria also [24, 41, 50]. Thus, given the enormous discriminatory power of genotyping techniques such observations also emphasize the need to discuss threadbare, the question of suitability of widely used typing techniques like serotyping. Conclusion More diversity was observed among clinical and non-clinical strains of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A when MLEE was used. Sixty-two electrophoretic types were identified among 81 strains,

which clustered into four distinct groups. STK38 MLRT identified 12 restriction types and was distinctly less discriminatory, clustering the strains into two groups. The BURST analysis of the MLRT data nevertheless provided newer insights into the probable evolution of clinical strains from those present in the aquatic environments. Acknowledgements SM acknowledges Senior Research Fellowship from Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. The research grants to JSV from Department of Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research and University of Delhi to strengthen R & D doctoral research programme are acknowledged gratefully. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Representative restriction profiles of six genes of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A.

X-ray diffraction (XRD; M18XHF-SRA, Mac Science, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to analyze the crystal structure of the ZnO electrodes, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; SU70, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) was used to observe the morphology of the bilayer-structured electrodes. The electrochemical properties were analyzed by a solar cell measurement system (K3000, McScience, Suwon, South Korea) under a solar simulator (xenon lamp, air mass (AM) 1.5, 100 mW cm−2). The extinction and diffused reflectance spectra were recorded on a UV/Vis spectrophotometer

(Cary 5000, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), and incident photon-to-current conversion selleck efficiency (IPCE) spectra were measured by an IPCE measurement system (K3100, McScience). Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were taken by using a potentiostat (CHI 608C,

CH Instrumental Inc., Austin, TX, USA) to analyze the kinetic parameters in the DSSCs [19–21]. Results and discussion The crystalline structure and grain size of ZnO nanoparticles and nanoporous spheres were analyzed by XRD (Figure 1). The diffraction confirms the crystalline ZnO having hexagonal wurtzite structure (JCPDS #36-1451). From Williamson-Hall plots [22–24], the homemade ZnO nanoporous spheres are composed of approximately 35-nm-sized grains, while the grain size of the commercial ZnO nanoparticles is approximately AZD4547 research buy 55 nm.The ZnO bilayer electrodes were sequentially prepared by the bottom layer made by only ZnO nanoparticles and the top scattering layer formed with various mixing ratios of nanoparticles and nanoporous spheres. As shown in Figure 2, the plan-view SEM images of the scattering layers indicate that the nanoparticles and nanoporous spheres are mixed uniformly, not aggregated separately. The range of nanoporous sphere size is approximately 150 to 500 nm, with the average size of approximately 300 nm. As the

ratio of nanoporous spheres increases, void spaces in the film get larger. The cross-sectional SEM images show that bilayer structures consisting of the nanoparticle bottom layer and mixed scattering upper layer are composed nicely Selleckchem Ixazomib without any crushes at the interface The average thickness of the bilayer films is approximately 5.5 μm, and the selleck compound deviation is less than 10%. The poor connectivity among the ZnO nanoporous spheres with the decreased nanoparticle ratio is consistent with the plan-view SEM images. Figure 1 X-ray diffraction of the ZnO films consisting of only nanoparticles or nanoporous spheres. The peak intensities and positions from the hexagonal ZnO (JCPDS #36-1451) are shown as solid lines. Figure 2 Plan-view and cross-sectional SEM images of the ZnO bilayer electrodes. The weight ratios of nanoparticle (NP) to nanoporous sphere (NS) for the top layers are (a) 10:0, (b) 7:3, (c) 5:5, (d) 3:7, and (e) 0:10, respectively.

Such a tree would suggest that proteases within the groups 3b/3d developed before the proteases of group 3a and 4, which seems far-fetched since proteases of group 3a and 4 type cleaves hydrogenases that are deeper branched then the 3b/3d hydrogenases. We therefore suggest that the placement of HOX-specific proteases (3d) and the scattered

result of 3b proteases in the phylogenetic tree may be the result of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). HGT is today seen as a major force in evolution and has occurred numerous times between archaea and bacteria [30–33]. Within prokaryotes almost no gene family is untouched by HGT [34] and there are also numerous cases of HGT within cyanobacteria [35]. [NiFe]-hydrogenases have not been spared from this mechanism and an archaeal selleck screening library organism is believed to be the origin of the Ech- hydrogenase in Thermotoga maritima [36]. By comparing the phylogenetic tree of hydrogenases and

their specific protease and assuming that the [NiFe]-hydrogenase and its specific protease have evolved together the most likely scenario is that an early group 3 [NiFe]-hydrogenase with or without its specific protease was transferred, most probably from an archaeal organism to a bacterial. If we assume that the P5091 nmr type 3 hydrogenase and the protease transferred together then this indicates that most likely the root of the tree should be placed between group 3a and 4 (point Z; Figure 1) and that the protease transferred is the ancestor of all type 1, 2 and 3d proteases (Figure 8). If we assume the opposite, (that the hydrogenase transferred alone), then the root should instead be placed between type 1/2/3d and type 3a/4 proteases (point Y; Figure 1) and the transferred hydrogenase must have incorporated an already existing type 1 protease to its maturation process. The scattered impression of type 1 and 3b proteases from the less robust phylogenetic tree with additional

hydrogenase specific proteases (Additional file 1) could be the result e.g. older phylum branching off close to the HGT point, poor resolution of the phylogenetic tree or by additional Amino acid HGT and so does not contradict our proposed theory of HGT. Rooting the tree with an outgroup; germination protease (GPR), the closest relative to the [NiFe]-hydrogenase specific proteases, (data not shown) placed the root between group 3a and 4 suggest that the first scenario, a root between group 3a and 4, is more plausible (point Z; Figure 1). SAR302503 concentration However, all attempts at rooting the tree resulted in very unstable phylogenetic trees. When considering both GPR endopeptidase function (bacterial spoluration) and taxonomic location (bacterial phylum of firmicutes only) it is plausible that the [NiFe]-hydrogenase specific proteases are instead the ancestor of GPR, making any tree with GPR as outgroup unreliable.

EPW: Carried out the synthesis of the compounds used in this work, and was involved in revising the manuscript critically. JVC: Carried out the supervision of the students involved in the synthesis of the compounds used in this work, and was involved in revising the manuscript critically. AAS: Designed the synthesized compounds and carried out the supervision

of the students involved in the synthesis of the compounds used in this work, and was involved in revising the manuscript critically. He was Trichostatin A solubility dmso involved in revising the manuscript critically and gave final approval of the final version. AFP: Helped with the conception and design the experiments; with analysis and interpretation of data and draft the manuscript. He was involved in revising the manuscript critically and gave final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved

the final manuscript.”
“Background Staphylococcus aureus Selleckchem Ku 0059436 (S. aureus) is one of the primary causes of bone infections [1–3]. These infections are often chronic, difficult to eradicate, and have high morbidity rates [4]. S. aureus can infiltrate deep into bone and soft tissue as a result of severe trauma or surgical implants [5]. Although S. aureus has www.selleckchem.com/products/Fedratinib-SAR302503-TG101348.html traditionally been considered an extracellular pathogen, it has been reported by several groups that this bacterium can invade and survive within a variety of cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts [6–16]. One hypothesis, not yet proven, about chronic and recurrent infections is that bacteria internalize into host cells and the internalization may lead to the bacteria’s evasion of the host’s immune responses and provide protection from most conventional antibiotics [17,18].

The primary role of osteoblasts is to synthesize isometheptene bone components and induce bone matrix mineralization [19]. Osteoblasts are not traditionally considered part of the immune system. However, osteoblasts were recently found to be able to induce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines upon S. aureus internalization [20,21]. This finding may suggest an important role for osteoblasts in triggering immune responses after S. aureus infection. S. aureus can be internalized into osteoblasts and its internalization is believed to be mediated by binding of fibronectin-binding proteins on S. aureus surfaces and fibronectins on osteoblast surfaces, which are connected to the integrin dimer α5β1 molecule [6]. Protein-ligand interaction leads to S. aureus adhesion and invasion by a “zipper-like” mechanism [15]. Eventually, internalized bacteria escape into the cytoplasm and may lead to host cell death by apoptosis [22]. In addition, live osteoblasts are necessary for S. aureus internalization as S. aureus could not internalize into formalin-fixed osteoblasts [10,23].

Doheny, PhD, Kent State University, Strongsville, OH; Carol Sedlak, PhD, Kent State University, Kent, OH; Rosalie Hall, PhD, University

of Akron, Akron, OH; Alycia Perez, PhD, University of Akron, Akron, OH BACKGROUND: The newly developed technique of Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), which combines attributes of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, was used to investigate Selleck LGX818 measurement equivalence of all subscales of the Horan et al. Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale (OHBS) and the Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Scale (OSES) in healthy postmenopausal women and older men. METHODS: OHBS and OSES measures were collected before intervention in two longitudinal HSP inhibitor drugs randomized clinical trials designed to study how receipt of personal dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) information influences osteoporosis preventing behavior (OPB). A series of models was estimated, first establishing fit of a single-group 9-factor model, and then testing nested multi-group models specifying the equivalence of factor loadings, factor means, and factor covariances across the two

gender groups. RESULTS: ESEM analyses demonstrated: (a) factor loading equivalence across the two samples for the set of 9 factors, as Selonsertib supplier indicated by a non-significant nested chi-square test, SB-scaled Δχ2 (405) = 430.076, p = .1874, with additional evidence provided by statistically significant (p < .001) factor profile similarity indices ranging from .62 to .98; (b)significant latent factor mean differences between the two samples, with men having higher levels Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) of exercise self-efficacy, health motivation and perceived barriers to calcium, and lower levels of perceived osteoporosis susceptibility and seriousness; and (c) equivalence of factor covariance relationships in the two samples. CONCLUSIONS: Discussion addresses

the implications of establishing measurement invariance, benefits of the ESEM approach, and conceptual explanations and nursing implications for the observed differences in latent factor means for behavior change. P2 DXA IN OLDER MEN WITH DOCUMENTED HEIGHT LOSS CAPTURES A SIGNIFICANT PERCENTAGE OF VULNERABLE HIGH-RISK PATIENTS Thomas P. Olenginski, M.D., FACP, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA; Muhammad Ansar, M.D., Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA; Janet Dennen, None, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA; Matt Hackenberg, None, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA; Elizabeth Boyer, None, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA; Eric Newman, M.D., Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA BACKGROUND: Men represent 20 % of the osteoporosis population. While many groups suggest DXA in men, there is no approved screening code.

On the contrary, as the erasing voltage changes from -8 Tanespimycin nmr to -12 V, the resulting C-V curve moves gradually in the direction of negative bias, see Figure 9b. This reveals hole trapping and electron de-trapping in the MOS structure. In a word, our experimental results indicate that the MOS capacitor with Pt STI571 cost nanodots can be programmed and erased efficiently even under low voltages of ±8 V, and the

resulting memory window is as large as 2.8 V for 1 ms of programming/erasing time. Figure 9 High-frequency (1 MHz) C – V curves of the memory capacitor. Corresponding to (a) programming and (b) erasing under different gate voltage for 1 ms, respectively. Figure 10 shows the charge retention characteristics of the MOS capacitor with Pt nanodots at room temperature. It is seen that the memory window is close to 8.2 V after programming/erasing under ±12 V for 1 ms,

and the deduced memory window still approaches 5.6 V after 10 years by extrapolation. This indicates that Pt nanodots can offer not only enough capability for electron storage but also good charge retention characteristic. Figure 10 Charge retention characteristics of the MOS capacitor with Angiogenesis inhibitor Pt nanodots at room temperature. Conclusions Growth of Pt nanodots on the surface of Al2O3 has been investigated by ALD using (MeCp)Pt(Me)3 and O2 precursors. By optimizing substrate temperature, pulse time of (MeCp)Pt(Me)3, and deposition cycles, Pt nanodots with a high density of approximately 2 × 1012 cm-2 have been achieved, i.e., the process parameters are as follows: substrate temperature 300°C, (MeCp)Pt(Me)3 pulse time 1 s, and 70 deposition Morin Hydrate cycles. Further, the fabricated MOS capacitor with Pt nanodots exhibits noticeable programmable and erasable characteristics even under low voltages of ±8 V, a large memory window, and good charge retention at room temperature. Acknowledgments The authors thank the financial support of the National Key

Technologies R&D Program (2009ZX02302-002), National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 61076076, 61274088), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-08-0127), and the Key Project of the Chinese Ministry of Education (108052). References 1. Gu DF, Baumgart H, Tapily K, Shrestha P, Namkoon G, Ao XY, Müller F: Precise control of highly ordered arrays of nested semiconductor/metal nanotubes. Nano Res 2011, 4:164–170.CrossRef 2. Jiang XR, Huang H, Prinz FB, Bent SF: Application of atomic layer deposition of platinum to solid oxide fuel cells. Chem Mater 2008, 20:3897–3905.CrossRef 3. Liu C, Wang CC, Kei CC, Hsueh YC, Perng TP: Atomic layer deposition of platinum nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes for application in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Small 2009, 5:1535–1538.CrossRef 4.

Curr Biol 2001,11(4):258–262.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions RCS, GRQS, DSN and MFN retrieved, analyzed, prepared the AtlasT4SS dataset (sequence, functional annotation, cross-references…) and illustrated the relational database. RCS and GRQS performed scripts for automated data retrieval and developed the current web pages. MFN, MOCC and CCK in cooperation carried out the CDS annotation and designed the

T4SS hierarchical classification. NCBL worked on the phylogenetic trees figures. MFN and ATRV managed the project. learn more ATRV is the team leader and provides financial support. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Sugarcane is an efficient substrate for bioethanol production, wich is currently largely used in Brazil as a substitute for fossil fuels. Traditionally, sugarcane crops are burnt before harvest, in order to remove leaves, thus facilitating easier manual harvest. However, this procedure results in high emissions of particulate matter and smoke, which can be harmful to humans and livestock. Current Seliciclib in vivo regulation of bioethanol production is leading to a transition towards mechanical harvest. Several authors have reported the positive effects of unburnt harvest (green cane) on soil fertility, soil structure, soil C levels and biological activity [1–3]. Most of these data have been generated in studies

in the Atlantic Forest biome, however none has addressed the microbial community structures and diversities in soils under burnt versus green cane management in Cerrado Biome. The Cerrado is the second largest terrestrial biome in Brazil and it is characterized by a savannah-like vegetation on ancient and plain soils [4]. Currently, cultivation of sugarcane is increasing in this region, with some states showing a 300% expansion of cropped areas over the last few years [5]. Due to high Fluorometholone Acetate concentrations of endemic

plant species and the accelerated pace of deforestation, the Cerrado AZD5582 price region has been classified as a high priority area for biodiversity conservation [6]. Therefore, there is a need to develop studies that address the effects of sugarcane expansion in Cerrado soils. The use of agricultural land for cropping generally results in modifications of the soil biological and physicochemical properties, which, in turn, affect soil biogeochemical processes such as nutrient cycling and gas emissions, influencing ecosystem productivity and sustainability [7–11]. Brazil is the fifth largest contributor to the global emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). A major part, up to 75%, is the consequence of unsustainable agricultural practices next to deforestation, which include removal of crop residues, exposure of the soil surface to erosion, excessive plowing and the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers in excess [12–14].

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interleukin-10 receptor. Annu Rev Immunol 2001, 19:683–765.PubMedCrossRef 29. O’Garra A, Vieira P: T(H)1 cells control themselves by producing interleukin-10. Nat Rev Immunol 2007,7(6):425–428.PubMedCrossRef 30. Sukumar N, Love CF, Conover MS, Kock ND, Dubey P, Deora R: Active and passive immunizations with Bordetella colonization Screening Library chemical structure factor A protect mice against respiratory challenge with Bordetella bronchiseptica . Infect Immun 2009,77(2):885–895.PubMedCrossRef 31. Naylor SW, Flockhart A, Nart P, Smith DG, Huntley J, Gally DL, Low JC: Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in STA-9090 concentration calves is reduced by prior colonization with the homologous strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007,73(11):3765–3767.PubMedCrossRef 32. Beagley KW, Timms P: Chlamydia

trachomatis infection: incidence, health costs and prospects for vaccine development. J Reprod Immunol 2000,48(1):47–68.PubMedCrossRef 33. Taylor DN, Perlman DM, Echeverria PD, Lexomboon U, Blaser MJ: Campylobacter immunity and quantitative excretion rates in Thai children. J Infect Dis 1993,168(3):754–758.PubMedCrossRef

34. Ito JI, Lyons JM: Role of gamma interferon in controlling murine chlamydial genital tract infection. Infect Immun 1999,67(10):5518–5521.PubMed 35. Li W, Murthy AK, Guentzel MN, Seshu J, Forsthuber TG, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP: Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells produce sufficient IFN-gamma to mediate robust protective immunity against genital Chlamydia muridarum infection. J Immunol 2008,180(5):3375–3382.PubMed 36. Coutts AJ, Dawson S, Binns S, Hart CA, Gaskell CJ, Gaskell RM: Studies on natural transmission of Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats. Vet Microbiol 1996,48(12):19–27.PubMedCrossRef 37. Elahi S, Thompson DR, Strom S, O’Connor B, Babiuk LA, Gerdts V: Infection with Bordetella Adenosine parapertussis but not Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis-like disease in older pigs. J Infect Dis 2008,198(3):384–392.PubMedCrossRef 38. Iemura R, Tsukatani R, Micallef MJ, Taneno A: Simultaneous analysis of the nasal shedding kinetics of field and vaccine strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica . Vet Rec 2009,165(25):747–751.PubMed 39. Sanchez J, Dohoo IR, Markham F, Leslie K, Conboy G: Evaluation of the repeatability of a crude adult indirect Ostertagia ostertagi ELISA and methods of expressing test results. Vet Parasitol 2002,109(1–2):75–90.