IL18 haplotypic effects on BMI have been reported in T2D and in subjects undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery [15]. However, in a healthy cohort of 3012 middle aged men single SNP and haplotype analysis with five IL18 tSNPs showed no effect on BMI. There is an apparent absence of effect of IL18 variation on BMI within all three of our studies. Bodyweight differences were only seen in the mouse

il-18 knock-out model in comparison to their wild-type littermates after six months of age and older [13]. Thus the effect IL18 may only become apparent as subjects age and therefore the lack of effect in GENDAI and EARSII is not unexpected. It would appear the lack of association in GrOW may be due the study selleck screening library population, as those with a BMI over 30 are over represented, and power was limited. Furthermore, the participants in GrOW, although many were overweight, they

were healthy. This is unlike the diseased cohorts which have reported the effect on BMI [15]. It is possible that the effects of IL-18 are exacerbated by disease. Data presented on the il18 knockout mouse suggested that il-18 was a satiety factor and was likely to be exerting its effect on the hypothalamus. Therefore, it seems possible that the IL-18 effect on BMI and metabolic syndrome may result through two distinct pathways. With a potential causal role in atherogenesis as well as T2D, IL-18 may be implicated in a number of complex diseases and their risk prediction. Tiret et al. [29] highlighted the role of IL18 in cardiovascular disease, demonstrating that IL18 haplotypes were associated with check details variation in IL-18 serum levels and cardiovascular mortality. These associations

Cobimetinib order have been confirmed in a number of cohorts [15] and [25]. Markers of inflammation are significantly higher in those who are overweight in comparison to those of a normal weight and the mechanism whereby genetic variation of IL18 is involved in the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome is likely to be affected by inflammation and activated innate immunity [30] and [31]. In conclusion, the association of genetic variation within IL18 on insulin levels and estimates of insulin resistance were only observed in our older GrOW study, suggesting that the effects of IL-18 appear to be more prominent as we age. Furthermore, the association of IL18 variants with post-prandial measures provide support for IL-18 as a metabolic factor. There are no conflicts of interest. The authors would like to thank the following investigators Nikoletta Vidra, Ioanna Hatzopoulou, Maria Tzirkalli, Anastasia-Eleni Farmaki, Ioannis Alexandrou, Nektarios Lainakis, Evagelia Evagelidaki, Garifallia Kapravelou, Ioanna Kontele, Katerina Skenderi, for their assistance in physical examination, biochemical analysis and nutritional assessment in GENDAI and all involved with GrOW.

On average, someone has a stroke every 40 seconds. The gaps for patients diagnosed with a stroke are the availability

of physicians who specialize in stroke care and access to evidence-based stroke care. Telemedicine has assisted in bridging this gap to provide effective stroke treatment. The purpose of this article is to describe how the implementation selleck kinase inhibitor of a hub and spoke model using telemedicine has assisted in increasing patient access to neurology expertise and receiving evidence-based treatment of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, thereby improving patient outcomes. Cindy Murray, Elizabeth Ortiz, and Cay Kubin The purpose of this article is to present an option for a model of care that allows small rural hospitals to be able to provide specialty physicians for critical care patient needs in lieu of on-site critical care physician coverage. A real-time, 2-way audio and video remote presence robot is used to bring a specialist to the bedside to interact with patients. This article discusses improvements in quality and finance outcomes as well as care team and patient satisfaction associated with this model. Discussion also includes expansion of the care model to the emergency department for acute stroke care. Kristine K. Powell and Rita J. Fowler This article describes the Baylor Health Care System (BHCS) approach to decreasing sepsis-related mortality within a large complex adaptive health care selleck system. BHCS implemented

sepsis care improvement initiatives based on the Surviving Sepsis Campaign early goal directed therapy guidelines. By adhering to rigorous process improvement and evidence-based practice principles, BHCS has demonstrated improvements in sepsis care processes and a significant reduction in sepsis mortality. Amy Veenstra and Emylene Untalan Surgical patients with known or unknown obstructive sleep apnea are at increased risk for postoperative complications. By implementing evidence-based practices and a validated screening tool, the postoperative surgical patients at the authors’ hospital have Megestrol Acetate a decreased risk of postoperative complications, specifically oversedation.

This article discusses the pathophysiology, prevalence, risk factors, care of the postsurgical patient, and use of the validated STOP-Bang questionnaire with obstructive sleep apnea as the focus. Ryan Beseda, Susan Smith, and Amy Veenstra Providing evidence-based care to patients with return of spontaneous circulation after a cardiac arrest is a recent complex innovation. Once resuscitated patients must be assessed for appropriateness for therapeutic hypothermia, be cooled in a timely manner, maintained while hypothermic, rewarmed within a specified time frame, and then assessed for whether hypothermia was successful for the patient through neuroprognostication. Nurses caring for therapeutic hypothermia patients must be knowledgeable and prepared to provide care to the patient and family.

, 2011). Given the relatively large size of our study compared to previous studies, this is unlikely to reflect lack of statistical power. The overall model fitted the data well (F5,19 = 7.996, p = .0003), explaining 82.3% of the variance. The contributions (beta weight values) of each variable in predicting mean time of intention are shown in Fig. 2. The correlation matrix and partial regression

test table are shown in Supplementary Table 2. Regarding specific tic-related factors, we found that tic severity was unrelated to W judgements. Greater capacity for intentional tic suppression was associated with earlier W judgements. Stronger premonitory urges were associated with later W judgements. Regarding general non tic-specific factors, higher ADHD Selleckchem AZD2281 ratings were associated with later W judgements. Greater trial-to-trial variability in judgements of intention (SD W) was associated with earlier W judgements. We fitted the same regression model to the patients’ judgements of the keypress action (M judgements). We did not find any selleck chemicals llc significant associations, and the overall model was far from significant (F5,19 = 0.823, p = .549,

r2 = .178: see Supplementary Table 3). This suggests that the associations reported for conscious intention reflect the specific perceptual ambiguities of volition, rather than interactions between tics and general features of the task, such as using the rotating clock. Interestingly, Casein kinase 1 judgements of keypress actions did not show the significant relation between mean and standard deviation that had previously been

found for judgements of intentions. We suggest that the association between the mean and standard deviation of judgements using the Libet method may reflect individual differences in setting perceptual criteria. For a clear and unambiguous signal such as a keypress, choice of criterion may be more straightforward, and more consistent across individuals. When judging events with a more tenuous phenomenology such as volition, choosing a more liberal criterion will produce an earlier but more variable W judgement. We could not use the same regression model to predict conscious intention in the control group, because they had no scores on the clinical measures. However, our hypothesis that individual differences in criterion setting produce a relation between mean and standard deviation of intention judgements could be tested also in the control group. A simple linear regression confirmed a significant relation in the same direction as for the patients (F1,28 = 4.518, p = .0425). However, this regressor explained around half as much variance (13.9%) as in the patient group (27.9%). This result suggests that the relation between mean and standard deviation of time of intention is driven by a general factor present in both groups. This factor may not be specifically related to tics, although the presence of tics may make its expression stronger.

, 2003 and Yaraee et al., 2003), which is crucial to the development of the inflammatory and febrile responses and enhances the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

in response to LPS ( Berman et al., 1996). Moreover, LPS itself can increase the NK1R expression in some of these cells ( Bost, 2004). In view of such considerations, the present study aimed to investigate, using a selective non-peptide NK1R antagonist SR140333B, whether substance P, released in the periphery or the CNS, participates in the febrile response induced by LPS and two endogenous pyrogens: IL-1β, which induces a prostaglandin-dependent fever, and CCL3/MIP-1α, which induces a prostaglandin-independent fever in conscious Torin 1 order rats. In addition, we assessed the effects of centrally administered substance P on body temperature in this species. Control animals treated only with vehicle or SR140333B showed a small increase in body temperature over baseline values, returning to pre-injection temperature after 1 h and remaining at this level up to 6 h after administration. In sharp contrast, those given LPS (30 μg/kg, i.p.) displayed an increase in body temperature that peaked after around 2.5 h and continued elevated for the remainder of the observation period. Prior injection of the NK1R antagonist SR140333B (0.3 mg/kg, data not shown or 1 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to impede the development of LPS-induced fever

(Fig. 1A and B). A higher dose of SR140333B (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was tested this website but, in combination with LPS, this dose induced a significant decrease in body temperature between 0 and 1.5 h (around 0.7 °C) after injection, which made the interpretation of the results difficult (data not shown). SR140333B (1 mg/kg, i.p.) alone did not alter body temperature from baseline (Fig. 1C). To verify if this dose of SR140333B blocked the peripheral actions of SP we examined

the effect of this treatment on protein extravasation. Intradermal injection of SP induced a significant increase in Evans blue extravasation when compared Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase to saline in vehicle-treated animals (Fig. 1D). As expected, the treatment of the animals with SR140333B, at the same dose that did not affect the febrile response, significantly reduced the protein extravasation by 81% (Fig. 1D). In the next set of experiments we injected SR140333B or the vehicle into the lateral ventricle of the animals. Control animals treated only with the vehicle or SR140333B showed much smaller changes in body temperature than in the previous set of experiments. The pre-treatment of the animals with SR140333B effectively reduced the febrile response induced by LPS (Fig. 2). Fig. 2A shows the time-course of the reduction in the febrile response induced by the higher dose of SR140333B (3 μg, i.c.v.). This dose of SR140333B reduced the fever index by 85% (Fig. 2B). A lower dose of SR140333B (1 μg, i.c.v.

Il “criterio di vittoria” coerente con l׳ESS dovrebbe invece essere “integrare le visioni valoriale e strategica al fine di realizzare una SdE sostenibile”, il che altera poco ma significativamente la classifica precedente in M, A, D–C, B–F: A (sostenibilità fragile) non è più a pari merito con M, D si trova al pari con C (dinamica al limite), mentre B, certo svantaggiato dall׳assenza di see more dati ma propenso

a “finire le caramelle”, forse è prossimo a F. Il vantaggio di considerare questo “criterio di vittoria” è nel fatto che la distinzione fra obiettivi del gioco e dell׳ESS viene affrontata nella fase di debriefing, diversa a seconda del tipo di gioco (Morazzi and Valer, 2001, Nicholson, 2012, Crookall, 2010 and Geurts et al., 1978).

L׳analisi a priori in termini di SdE e dinamiche di dialettica, frammentazione, al limite, fusione, suggerisce invece di orientare il debriefing sulla necessità di una visione integrata per qualunque gioco di ESS. Tale aspetto è importante perché metodi e obiettivi dell׳ESS devono superare gli accecamenti paradigmatici ( Morin, RG7422 datasheet 1999) propri di tradizioni disciplinari che non hanno ancora integrato visione valoriale e strategica. Ad esempio, il gruppo D confonde visioni, quindi competenze di analisi e mobilitazione, perché non assume limiti ai modelli deterministici:

Telomerase un problema di educazione scientifica più che di ESS. Allo stesso modo M1 sa trovare tecnicamente SdE per realizzare valori via via più sostenibili, ma si perde davanti a M2, che prima cerca valori più sostenibili, poi li traduce in SdE. Si è già affermato che il gioco mostra come in presenza di dinamiche sociali che non la radicalizzino e competenze di analisi/mobilitazione adeguate, una visione valoriale/strategica possa integrarsi con una strategica/valoriale: i due processi avvengono realmente con uguale frequenza se i giocatori raggiungono sufficienti gradi di alfabetizzazione scientifica e consapevolezza etica. I giochi possono aiutare, ma se portano ad una visione integrata, oltre che a SdE sostenibili ma “meccaniche”. Quanto appena detto evidenzia come la differenza fra vittoria nel gioco e raggiungimento degli obiettivi di ESS sia annullata anch׳essa in una visione integrata: la struttura e le regole del gioco (determinanti per le scelte strategiche) vincolano le scelte del giocatore all׳ordine di criticità (determinante per quelle valoriali) in cui le dimensioni ambientale, economica e sociale sono coinvolte nel gioco, il che influenza l׳evoluzione o la radicalizzazione delle visioni.

No study to date has addressed biochemical, histopathological and clinical differences in hens given the same dose of the three isoforms of methamidophos, nor have they addressed potential treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and delayed effects of methamidophos enantiomers and TOCP (a positive inducer of delayed neuropathy) measuring AChE, NTE and calpain activities in brain, neuropathological damages in spinal

cord and signs of ataxia as biochemical, histopathological and clinical indicators, respectively. In addition, the benefit of nimodipine and Ca-glu on OPIDN in methamidophos-treated hens was also investigated. Racemic methamidophos, nimodipine, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), paraoxon, bovine serum albumin (BSA), dl-dithiothreitol (DTT), ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA), SCH727965 nmr 2-mercaptoethanol, casein, DEAE cellulose, coomassie brilliant blue G-250, tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, ethylenediaminetetraacetic buy Linsitinib acid (EDTA), phosphoric acid 85%, acetylthiocholine (ACTh) and 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) were purchased from Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA; TOCP was purchased from Acros Organics, Pittsburg, PA, USA; mipafox and phenyl valerate were obtained from Oryza Laboratories, Inc., Chelmsford, MA, USA; sodium citrate and triton X-100 were purchased from Rhiedel-de Haën, Hannover, Germany; 4-aminoantipyrine, potassium ferricyanide, and

dimethylformamide were purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany; calcium gluconate (Ca-glu) 10% (w/v) injectable ampoules from Hypofarma, Ribeirão das Neves, MG, Brazil; deltametrin (K-otrine®) was obtained from Bayer Cropscience Ltda, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; and piperazine citrate (Proverme®) was purchased from Tortuga Agrarian Zootechnical Company, São Paulo, Brazil; ampoule of ketamine 10% was purchased from Agener União, Embu Guaçu, SP, Brazil. The enantiomeric separation of (±)-methamidophos Adenosine was conducted according to the method described by Emerick et al. (2012b). The enantiomers of methamidophos were obtained with 99.5% of optical purity for the (+)-methamidophos and 98.3% of optical purity for the (−)-methamidophos.

All other chemicals employed in this study were of analytical grade. Thirty-nine isabrown leghorn hens (aged 70–90 weeks, weighing 1.5–2.0 kg) were obtained from the Hayashi farm cooperative of Guatapará, SP, Brazil. Before the experiments were initiated, the hens were treated to eliminate ecto-parasites (using deltametrin) and endo-parasites (using piperazine citrate), as described elsewhere ( DeOliveira et al., 2002 and Emerick et al., 2010). After this treatment (1 month), the hens were housed at a density of 3 per cage in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room (24 ± 2 °C and 55% ± 10 RH) on an automatic 12:12 light–dark photocycle with lights activated at 8 a.m. Purina® feed and filtered tap water were provided ad libitum.

5 mL Eppendorf tube containing 300 μL HNO3 at 1.8% (v/v). The labial face of the incisal third of the lower incisor was maintained in contact with the acid for 20 s (the tube was inclined at 35°). A dentine fragment obtained from the lingual aspect of the incisor root was completely digested in 500 μL HNO3 at 50% (v/v).

The mass of bone, dentine, and enamel of each acid extract was calculated on the basis of its phosphorus content.16 All the samples were assayed in triplicate. The mass (g) of enamel, dentine, and bone was determined assuming phosphorus contents of 17.0%, 15.97%, and 13.5% in enamel,17 dentine,18 and bone,19 respectively. For fluoride analysis, 100 μL of the acid extract were mixed with 900 μL deionized water buffered with 100 μL TISAB II (1.0 M of acetate buffer, pH 5.0 with 1.0 M NaCl and 0.4% cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic JAK2 inhibitor drug acid).19 Fluoride was determined in

an ion-specific electrode, calibrated with standard fluoride solutions (0.5–5.0 μg/mL). Whole Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput blood and calcified tissues were collected for determination of Pb levels. Blood samples were withdrawn using metal-free syringes with lyophilized heparin. A detailed description of the applied technique can be found in our previous report.13 Pb levels were obtained as μg of Pb/dL of whole blood or as μg of Pb/g of calcified tissue. Enamel, dentine, and bone lead and fluoride concentrations were compared by ANOVA followed by Bonferronís Multiple Comparison Test. Fluorosis scores were compared by Kruskal–Wallis test. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.0083 (5% significance level divided by 6 comparisons). This study aimed to compare the enamel characteristics in the different groups. In order to do that, a fluorosis, or better, an enamel defect index comprising 5 categories of defects was proposed. Representative pictures of the 5 scores suggested for this index are shown in Fig. 1, and a detailed description of each score is displayed in

Table 1. From a histopathological viewpoint, all the normal and fluorotic teeth presented positive birefringence in water and negative birefringence in Thoulet́s 1.62. Sharp changes in enamel birefringence were detected with increasing fluorosis scores, and these alterations consisted of enhanced positive Lck birefringence in water and decreased (less negative) negative birefringence in Thoulet́s 1.62. The most remarkable contrast between white and pigmented bands was found upon water immersion and with the target area at the position of maximum birefringence, using the Red I plate. Normal enamel displayed low positive birefringence in water (Fig. 2a) and a homogeneous mineralization in the microradiograph (Fig. 3a). White bands exhibited higher positive birefringence, seen as blue bands (Fig. 2b), and lower radiopacity (Fig. 3b) compared with pigmented bands.

The different dependencies observed for BASP1 ( Fig. 6) convincingly illustrate the potential of the methodology

to probe differential side-chain dynamics in IDPs. In future applications it is planned to extend the methodology to higher frequency dimensions exploiting non-uniform sampling techniques. Details of the sequence and results will be reported elsewhere (manuscript in preparation). IDPs are involved in fundamental biological (physiological) processes and are, therefore, of great interest to medical and pharmaceutical www.selleckchem.com/products/fg-4592.html research [40]. Their inherent structural flexibility allows them to accommodate different binding partners exploiting different binding modes (e.g. folding-upon binding or formation of fuzzy complexes). Despite limitations due to their unfolded nature several successful studies have been reported demonstrating that IDPs are indeed amenable to drug development programs [41]. However, the dynamic nature of IDPs impairs the application of conventional structure-based drug design strategies. The lack of 3D structures as bottleneck in the pharmaceutical industry is widely recognized and was recently addressed by a combination of information-rich

PI3K inhibitor drugs NMR and new protein sequence analysis tools (e.g. meta-structure) [34] and [42]. It was already demonstrated that the meta-structure analysis provides valid starting points for ligand development by revealing information about the construction of suitable fragment libraries and ligand binding modes [42]. Given the fact that only primary sequence information is needed, valuable applications also to ligand

identification for IDPs can be anticipated. A prototypical application to IDPs is given with the example of Osteopontin (OPN), an extracellular matrix protein associated with metastasis of several kinds of cancer. The meta-structure analysis revealed a similarity to the (folded) protein oxyclozanide antithrombin. The naturally occurring, highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan heparin is an established ligand for antithrombin. Heparin binding to OPN was verified using NMR spectroscopy [37]. It was shown that heparin binding to OPN causes significant and specific chemical shift changes. This example illustrates how the combined usage of meta-structure and NMR data can be used to create valid starting points for drug development programs involving IDPs. In subsequent steps NMR spectroscopy can be used to provide additional information about binding modes and orientations of bound ligands [42]. Naturally, a comprehensive analysis has to address both structural and dynamical changes. In a recent NMR analysis we have employed both PRE and 15N NMR relaxation data to analyze the interaction between the IDP Osteopontin (OPN) and heparin (manuscript in preparation). Fig. 7 shows differential PREs and 15N relaxation parameters (15N-T2 and 1HN–15N NOE).

5) and a 1.8–2.0 Gy equivalent dose of ∼100–120 Gy. As a general rule, the prostate target volume with or without the seminal

vesicles should be covered by at least 95% of the prescription dose (i.e., V100 prostate >95%). Maintenance of dose constraints to OARs is equally important. The urethra maximum dose should be below 110% (ideally V100 urethra <90%). We recommend further reduction to 105% for patients who have had a TURP; and it is advisable to wait for wound healing at least 3 months between TURP and prostate brachytherapy. Everolimus The rectal dose constraints should be 75–80% (e.g., V75 rectum <1%). Bladder dosimetry should be considered in terms of minimum and maximum so the dose to bladder wall (surrogate for the peripheral base of the prostate) does not receive <80% nor the bladder neck and trigone >80% (V80 bladder neck <1%). Updated European

and American guidelines for HDR prostate brachytherapy that include normal tissue dose constraints have been recently published Gefitinib purchase [37] and [38]. A summary of the clinical experience with HDR monotherapy can be found in Table 1 (the treatment protocols), Table 2 (late toxicity), and Table 3 (clinical outcomes). In May 1995, the first trial of prostate cancer HDR brachytherapy as monotherapy was opened at the University of Osaka, Japan and reported by Yoshioka et al. in 2000 (11). The original treatment regimen was 48 Gy in eight fractions and five consecutive days delivered with a single implant. In November 1996, the radiation dose was increased to 54 Gy in nine fractions over 5 days. The treatments were delivered

twice daily with an interfraction time of 6 h. Interestingly, 19/22 patients had high-risk features, either T3–4 disease or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >20 ng/mL, and they 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase received hormonal therapy. They reported their results in 112 patients (68 high-risk) in 2011 (39). Intermediate-risk patients and those patients with prostate volumes >40 cm3 received 6–12 months of neoadjuvant ADT, and high-risk patients were treated adjuvant ADT for 3 years to life. The 5-year PSA disease–free survival was 83% (low 85%, intermediate 93%, and high 79%), local control 97%, disease–free survival 87%, and overall survival 96%. Initial PSA and younger age were the only significant prognostic variables. Most toxicity was genitourinary (GU). Acute Grade 3 “Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events” (CTCAE) toxicity was observed in 6 patients. There were thirteen Grade 2 and three Grade 3 toxicities reported. A detailed dosimetry analysis of late toxicity in 83 patients treated with 54 Gy in nine fractions (median followup 3 years) was reported in 2009 (40). Toxicity correlations with dose volume histogram parameters revealed greatest difference for rectal toxicity were the V40 (volume of rectum that receives 40% of the prescription dose) and the D5 (the dose to 5 cm3 of the rectum). Rectal toxicity (V40 ≥ 8 cm3 vs.

On each trial a red upper case letter appeared elsewhere on the screen (either an H or a T). Possible positions of these letters were at one of the four corners of two imaginary squares centred on the diamond. The eccentricity of imaginary square

corners could be near to the diamond (2°) or further (6°). Size of the letters varied according to PLX4032 mouse peripheral distance, with those further away scaled account for the cortical magnification factor of items nearer the fovea. Those at 2° were .46° across those at 6° were .69° across. There were an equal number of near and far letters presented and they were distributed approximately equally across the four peripheral directions. Stimuli were displayed on a mid-grey background. Selleckchem Olaparib Trials began with a central fixation cross presented for 500 msec, followed by the diamond stimulus for 200 msec. In high load blocks, the mask stimulus appeared immediately afterwards for 150 msec. A letter was presented in the

periphery in every trial. Letter presentation was either simultaneous with the central diamond or delayed. During stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) trials there were three possible asynchronies (450 msec, 850 msec and 1650 msec). Simultaneous letter trials were in separate blocks. Differing SOAs were presented randomly, with an approximate equal number of each type across the blocks. There were four types of experimental block: Low-demand, simultaneous letter presentation; Low-demand, SOA letter presentation; High-demand, simultaneous letter presentation; High-demand, SOA letter presentation. Most participants completed 10 experimental blocks. Two blocks each of Low-demand and High-demand simultaneous letter blocks and three blocks each of Low-SOA and High-SOA. Each block had 50 trials. Participants Mirabegron completed these blocks in two to three separate 1-h sessions. Presentation order of the blocks was counterbalanced. Task instructions emphasized the need to complete the central task accurately. Participants sat approximately 50 cm from the computer screen and made verbal responses, stating first

whether the diamond was missing the top or bottom apex and second what they believed the identity of the letter to be. Two experimenters were present throughout testing. One sat facing participants with the response button box, enabling them to cancel trials in which participants moved their eyes from screen centre and to enter verbal responses. The other started each block, explained the task and observed whether the participant appeared to understand task requirements. First, performance on the central diamond task was examined (see Fig. 3a for this data). This revealed participants to be equivalently accurate across both experimental groups for each level of attentional demand [interaction between task load and group was not significant; F (1, 8) < 1].