5) and a 1.8–2.0 Gy equivalent dose of ∼100–120 Gy. As a general rule, the prostate target volume with or without the seminal

vesicles should be covered by at least 95% of the prescription dose (i.e., V100 prostate >95%). Maintenance of dose constraints to OARs is equally important. The urethra maximum dose should be below 110% (ideally V100 urethra <90%). We recommend further reduction to 105% for patients who have had a TURP; and it is advisable to wait for wound healing at least 3 months between TURP and prostate brachytherapy. Everolimus The rectal dose constraints should be 75–80% (e.g., V75 rectum <1%). Bladder dosimetry should be considered in terms of minimum and maximum so the dose to bladder wall (surrogate for the peripheral base of the prostate) does not receive <80% nor the bladder neck and trigone >80% (V80 bladder neck <1%). Updated European

and American guidelines for HDR prostate brachytherapy that include normal tissue dose constraints have been recently published Gefitinib purchase [37] and [38]. A summary of the clinical experience with HDR monotherapy can be found in Table 1 (the treatment protocols), Table 2 (late toxicity), and Table 3 (clinical outcomes). In May 1995, the first trial of prostate cancer HDR brachytherapy as monotherapy was opened at the University of Osaka, Japan and reported by Yoshioka et al. in 2000 (11). The original treatment regimen was 48 Gy in eight fractions and five consecutive days delivered with a single implant. In November 1996, the radiation dose was increased to 54 Gy in nine fractions over 5 days. The treatments were delivered

twice daily with an interfraction time of 6 h. Interestingly, 19/22 patients had high-risk features, either T3–4 disease or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >20 ng/mL, and they 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase received hormonal therapy. They reported their results in 112 patients (68 high-risk) in 2011 (39). Intermediate-risk patients and those patients with prostate volumes >40 cm3 received 6–12 months of neoadjuvant ADT, and high-risk patients were treated adjuvant ADT for 3 years to life. The 5-year PSA disease–free survival was 83% (low 85%, intermediate 93%, and high 79%), local control 97%, disease–free survival 87%, and overall survival 96%. Initial PSA and younger age were the only significant prognostic variables. Most toxicity was genitourinary (GU). Acute Grade 3 “Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events” (CTCAE) toxicity was observed in 6 patients. There were thirteen Grade 2 and three Grade 3 toxicities reported. A detailed dosimetry analysis of late toxicity in 83 patients treated with 54 Gy in nine fractions (median followup 3 years) was reported in 2009 (40). Toxicity correlations with dose volume histogram parameters revealed greatest difference for rectal toxicity were the V40 (volume of rectum that receives 40% of the prescription dose) and the D5 (the dose to 5 cm3 of the rectum). Rectal toxicity (V40 ≥ 8 cm3 vs.