All rights reserved.”
“Background: find more Preliminary experience with the use of hyaluronic acid fillers as a nonsurgical alternative in the management of upper eyelid crease asymmetry and superior sulcus hollowing in Asian patients has proven promising.\n\nMethods: This retrospective, interventional case series included seven patients (11 eyes) of various Asian ancestries. All patients had eyelid crease asymmetry or undesirably elevated eyelid creases along with hollowing of the upper eyelids. Upper eyelid crease asymmetry and hollowing of the superior sulcus were assessed before and after treatment. For all patients, hyaluronic acid fillers (Restylane, Medicis, Scottsdale, Ariz., or Juvederm, Allergan,

Irvine, Calif.) were injected into the retro-septal superior sulcus for eyelid hollowing and into the preseptal eyelid fold for crease asymmetry. Pretreatment and posttreatment photographs were taken. Outcomes were assessed by the total volume injected; masked, independent assessment using preoperative and postoperative photographs; and the subjective assessment of results by the patient.\n\nResults: The average age was 43.1 years. The average volume of hyaluronic acid filler injected was 0.61 cc per eye. All seven patients were satisfied with the cosmetic

improvement after hyaluronic acid filler injections. No adverse effects were noted. To date, the treatment has remained effective for as long as 18 months.\n\nConclusions: Hyaluronic acid filler injections into the upper eyelid and superior sulcus are effective in providing Adavosertib nmr volume to recreate the fullness natively present in the Asian upper eyelid. Furthermore, this fullness lowers the surgically created eyelid crease in those patients with eyelid asymmetry following cosmetic blepharoplasty. It should be considered in Asian patients presenting with upper eyelid hollowing or asymmetric eyelid creases. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 127: 844, 2011.)”
“OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of obesity on the propensity of older adults to fall, sustain a fall-related injury, and develop disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) after a fall.\n\nDESIGN: Longitudinal

population-based survey.\n\nSETTING: Five waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 1998-2006.\n\nPARTICIPANTS: Ten thousand seven RG-7388 datasheet hundred fifty-five respondents aged 65 and older in 31,602 person-intervals.\n\nMEASUREMENTS: Falls within any 2-year interval (9,621 falls). Injuries requiring medical attention (3,130 injuries). Increased ADL disability after a fall within any 2-year interval (2,162 events). Underweight and three classes of obesity (body mass index (BMI) 30.0-34.9 kg/m(2), Class 1) 35.0-39.9 kg/m(2), Class 2; >= 40.0 kg/m(2), Class 3), calculated from self-reported height and weight. Self-reported presence of lower body limitation, pain, dizziness, or vision problems. Self-reported doctor’s diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, stroke, or arthritis.

The social lives of male and female spotted hyenas do not differ until after puberty, when males disperse from the natal group, while females remain philopatric. Here we sought to determine whether the divergent life histories of male and female spotted hyenas are linked to differences in brain size or organization. Three-dimensional virtual endocasts were created using computed tomography from 46 spotted hyenas skulls (23 females, HSP990 mouse 22 males, 1 unknown sex) ranging in age from 1 day to 18 years. Brain volume and skull length were highly correlated (r = 0.91), and both reached asymptotic values by 34 months

of age. Analyses of total endocranial volume (relative to skull length) and cerebellum/brain stem volume (relative to total endocranial volume) revealed no sex differences. However, relative anterior cerebrum volume, comprised mainly of frontal cortex, was significantly greater in adult males than adult females, and relative posterior cerebrum volume was greater in adult females than adult males. We hypothesize that the demands of neural processing underlying enhanced social cognition required for successful male transfer between

matriarchical social groups at dispersal may be greater than cognitive demands on philopatric females. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (LSDP) with conservation of the splenic vessels Etomoxir mw is gaining acceptance as a reliable treatment for selected patients with low-grade malignant tumors of the pancreas in adults. The operation requires advanced laparoscopic skills to safely divide the fine branches of the splenic vessels. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy

with conservation of splenic vessels is rarely reported in children. We describe a 12-year-old girl with solid pseudopapillary tumor in the body of the pancreas that was successfully treated with LSDP, preserving the splenic vessels. The postoperative course Ganetespib nmr was uneventful, and the functional and aesthetic results were satisfactory. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of splenic vessels may be a safe and feasible treatment option for children with pancreatic disease. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Demecolcine-assisted/induced enucleation has been used in nuclear transfer cloning procedures for many species, yet its mechanism of action remains unclear. Primarily because oocytoplasm protrusion induced by demecolcine is inhibited by the presence of cytochalasin, its use has had limited application. In this experiment, we investigated the microtubule and microfilament alterations in bovine oocytes after demecolcine and/or cytochalasin B (CB) treatments by immunocytochemical staining. We also examined mechanical enucleation of demecolcine-treated oocytes in cytochalasin-free medium.

Thus, the data are in agreement with the possibility of GSI-IX mw SCR as an integral membrane protein, without rejecting alternative cell locations. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a major sensor of cellular stresses, and upon stabilization, activates or represses many genes that control cell fate decisions.

While the mechanism of p53-mediated transactivation is well established, several mechanisms have been proposed for p53-mediated repression. Here, we demonstrate that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is both necessary and sufficient for the downregulation of known p53-repression targets, including survivin, CDC25C, and CDC25B in response to p53 induction. These same targets are similarly repressed in response to p16 overexpression, implicating the involvement of the shared downstream retinoblastoma (RB)-E2F pathway. SN-38 supplier We further show that in response to either p53 or p21 induction, E2F4 complexes are specifically recruited onto the promoters of these p53-repression targets. Moreover, abrogation of E2F4 recruitment via the inactivation of RB pocket proteins, but not by RB loss of function alone, prevents the repression of these genes. Finally, our results indicate that E2F4 promoter

occupancy is globally associated with p53-repression targets, but not with p53 activation targets, implicating E2F4 complexes as effectors of p21-dependent p53-mediated repression.”
“How the CNS deals with the issue of motor

JQ-EZ-05 redundancy remains a central question for motor control research. Here we investigate the means by which neuromuscular and biomechanical factors interact to resolve motor redundancy in rhythmic multijoint arm movements. We used a two-df motorised robot arm to manipulate the dynamics of rhythmic flexion-extension (FE) and supination-pronation (SP) movements at the elbow-joint complex. Participants were required to produce rhythmic FE and SP movements, either in isolation, or in combination (at the phase relationship of their choice), while we recorded the activity of key bi-functional muscles. When performed in combination, most participants spontaneously produced an in-phase pattern of coordination in which flexion is synchronised with supination. The activity of the Biceps Brachii (BB), the strongest arm muscle which also has the largest moment arms in both flexion and supination was significantly higher for FE and SP performed in combination than in isolation, suggesting optimal exploitation of the mechanical advantage of this muscle. In a separate condition, participants were required to produce a rhythmic SP movement while a rhythmic FE movement was imposed by the motorised robot. Simulations based upon a musculoskeletal model of the arm demonstrated that in this context, the most efficient use of the force-velocity relationship of BB requires that an anti-phase pattern of coordination (flexion synchronized with pronation) be produced.

Catch-up vaccination of foreign children has to be adapted to French vaccine recommendations, as a reference, and to vaccines already administered to the child. (c) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“This article is aimed to discuss the modification of guar gum through microwave irradiation by varying the time of irradiation. The characterization of the modified products was carried out SCH 900776 using FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The FT-IR spectrum of the pure guar gum (GG) sample showed a broad peak at 3298 cm(-1) while the modified GG sample displayed a peak at 1541 cm(-1) which was absent in the crude sample. The X-ray diffraction

(XRD) analysis confirmed the increase in crystallinity due to grafting of the sample with polyacrylamide (GG-g-PAM). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that granular form of guar gum was changed

into fibrillar structure after grafting. Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the modified samples was also carried out and discussed. The role of guar gum as a matrix for controlled release of drug triamcinolone was evaluated. The GG-acrylamide grafted samples presented a correlation between drug release and time of microwave exposure. The results revealed that such modified product has potential applications in colonic drug delivery system. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Artificial STI571 molecular weight corneas or keratoprostheses (KPros) are designed to replace diseased or damaged cornea. Although many synthetic KPros have been developed, current products are often inappropriate or inadequate for long term use due to ineffective host integration. This study presents an alternative approach of engineering a KPro that comprises a combination of poly (2-hydroxyethyl

methacrylate) (PHEMA), poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and sodium chloride (NaCl) as porogen. Based on the core-skirt model for KPro, the porous outer portion of artificial cornea (skirt) was engineered by combining NaCl with HEMA and MMA monomers to promote tissue ingrowth from the host. The central optic (core) was designed to provide bigger than 85% light transmission in the visible wavelength range and securely attached to the skirt. Mechanical tensile data indicated that our KPro (referred selleck chemicals to as salt porogen KPro) is mechanically stable to maintain its structure in the ocular environment and during implantation. Using human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs), we demonstrate that the cells grew into the pores of the skirt and proliferated, suggesting biointegration is adequately achieved. This novel PHEMA-PMMA copolymeric salt porogen KPro may offer a cornea replacement option that leads to minimal risk of corneal melting by permitting sufficient tissue ingrowth and mass transport. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1799-1808, 2014.

74, 95% CI 0.58-0.94), selleck compound with an estimated

5-year survival of 52% in patients treated with TPF and 42% in those receiving PF. Median survival was 70.6 months (95% CI 49.0-89-0) in the TPF group versus 34.8 months (22.6-48.0) in the PF group (p=0.014). Progression-free survival was also significantly better in patients treated with TPF (median 38.1 months, 95% CI 19.3-66.1, vs 13.2 months, 10.6-20-7; HR 0.75,95% CI 0.60-0.94). We detected no significant difference in dependence on gastric feeding tubes and tracheostomies between treatment groups. In the TPF group, three (3%) of 91 patients remained feeding-tube dependent, compared with eight (11%) of 71 patients in the PF group. Six (7%) of 92 patients had tracheostomies in the TPF group, versus eight (11%) of 71 in the PF group.\n\nInterpretation Induction chemotherapy with TPF provides long-term survival benefit compared with PF in locally advanced head and neck cancer. Patients who are candidates for induction chemotherapy should be treated with TPF.”
“Objective Risk stratification models perform poorly regarding elderly patients.This study aims to evaluate the performance of the Italian Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Outcome Project (ItCABG) model and the logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (LogEuroSCORE) model by age group to build a model specifically for elderly patients.\n\nMethods

and results Data from the ItCABG and Mattone Outcome-BYPASS study (MO-BYPASS) have been used.

ItCABG and LogEuroSCORE models were applied to the ItCABG population (n=34,310) stratified BEZ235 mouse by four age classes: <60, 60-69, 70-79, >= 80 years. Each model’s ability to predict 30-day mortality was assessed for accuracy (Brier score and pseudo-R-2), calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, XH-L) and discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC) in age classes.To estimate the elderly risk function a logistic regression was performed on 2,255 octogenarian patients from ItCABG and MO-BYPASS. Elderly model’s performance was tested. Model accuracy is fair in all age classes although the explained variance is poor. ItCABG and LogEuroSCORE models revealed AZD1208 manufacturer good discrimination power in patients aged <60, 60-69, and 70-79 years, but not in patients aged 80 years (AUCs: 0.82, 0.77, 0.76, 0.64, and 0.78, 0.75, 0.74, 0.65, respectively). Calibration of both models is poor in patients >= 80 years (ItCABG: XH-L = 18.1, P=0.05; LogEuroSCORE: XH-L = 129.7, P < 0.001). When a new model specific to octogenarian patients was built, discrimination power remained poor (AUC = 0.66), although calibration power improved (XH-L = 3.93, P=0.86).\n\nConclusions ItCABG and LogEuroSCORE models were poor predictors of mortality in octogenarian patients. Elderly-specific risk factors must be assessed to improve risk stratification in patients aged 80 years and older.

Our data indicate that purified EVs preferentially stimulate secretion of several proteins implicated in driving cancer in monocytic cells but only harbor limited buy FG-4592 activity in epithelial cells. Specifically, we show that EVs are potent stimulators of MMP-9, IL-6, TGF-beta 1 and induce the secretion of extracellular EMMPRIN, which all play a role in driving immune evasion, invasion and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, by using a comprehensive approach that

includes biochemical, biological, and spectroscopic methods, we have begun to elucidate the stimulatory roles.”
“Many bone grafting techniques have been used to reconstruct the partially dentate and edentulous mandible. This article discusses the various bone grafting techniques to reconstruct mandibular defects. Also included are issues such as whether autogenous bone is necessary for reconstruction of the mandibular ridge and the importance of membranes.”
“Aim. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were any differences in intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G (IgG) (IgG index) and number of oligoclonal bands (OCB) among particular Cell Cycle inhibitor types of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods. 120 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were examined from 29 clinically isolated

syndrome (CIS) patients and 91 MS patients (77 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RR), 6 patients with primary progressive course of the disease (PP) and 8 patients in secondary progression (SP)); mean age = 42 years (range = 18 to 70 years). learn more Albumin and IgG in serum and CSF was evaluated using nephelometry; an albumin quotient (CSF albumin/serum albumin), an IgG quotient (CSF IgG/serum IgG) and an IgG index (IgG quotient / albumin quotient) were then calculated. OCB were assessed using isoelectric focusing (IEF) on agarose gel,

followed by immunoblotting. All patients were evaluated using the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results. No statistically significant differences between the IgG index and OC bands relative to particular types of MS were found. Further, there were no significant correlations between EDSS values and intrathecal synthesis (IgG index: QIgG / Qalbumin) and OC bands. Conclusion. No difference in intrathecal synthesis (IgG index) and the number of OCB between different types of MS was confirmed.”
“Background: Initial outcome studies have reported that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is safe and efficacious for adolescents with extreme obesity. Although rapid weight loss is seen initially, data also show that modest weight regain typically occurs as early as the second postoperative year. The contribution of various psychological factors, including hedonic hunger, to postoperative weight regain has not previously been studied in adolescents.

The following outcomes were assessed: (1) the use of individual medical learn more therapies; (2) the intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction effect of individual medicines; (3) the reporting of side effects.Results:Medicines were prescribed 1592 times (200 patients). The median % IOP reduction for latanoprost 50 mcg/mL was -17.2% and for the topical beta blockers was -17.7% (as monotherapy), with no statistical difference in IOP-lowering effect between all the medicines (P=0.19). Side effects were reported in 19.5% of all patientsthe highest occurrence with brimonidine tartrate 0.2% (in 17% patients) and the lowest occurrence with the prostaglandin analogue and prostamide medicines

(in 3.8% patients). The combination of dorzolamide hydrochloride 2%, timolol maleate 0.5% had the greatest persistence of 1 year.Conclusions:The IOP-lowering https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lazertinib-yh25448-gns-1480.html effects of all the glaucoma medicines were not significantly different although the combination of dorzolamide hydrochloride 2%, timolol maleate 0.5% had the greatest persistence.”
“Background: Trisomy 9p is an uncommon anomaly characterised by mental retardation, head and facial abnormalities, congenital heart

defects, kidney abnormalities, and skeletal malformations. Affected children may also show growth and puberty retardation with delayed bone age. Auxological and endocrinological data are lacking for this syndrome.\n\nMethods: We describe three girls and one boy with 9p trisomy showing substantial growth failure, and we evaluate the main causes of their short stature.\n\nResults: The target height was normal in all families, ranging from 0.1 and -1.2 standard deviation scores (SDS). The patients had a low birth-weight (from -1.2 to -2.4 SDS), birth length (from Screening Library cost -1.1 to -3.2 SDS), and head circumference (from -0.5 to -1.6 SDS). All patients presented with substantial growth (height) retardation at the time of 9p trisomy diagnosis (from -3.0 to -3.8 SDS).\n\nThe growth hormone stimulation test revealed a classic growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in patients 1, 3, and 4. In contrast, patient 2 was determined to have a GH neurosecretory dysfunction (GHNSD). The plasma concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were low in all

patients for their ages and sexes (from -2.0 to -3.4 SDS, and from -1.9 to -2.8 SDS, respectively).\n\nThe auxological follow-up showed that those patients who underwent rhGH treatment exhibited a very good response to the GH therapy, whereas patients 3 and 4, whose families chose not to use rhGH treatment, did not experience any significant catch-up growth.\n\nConclusions: GH deficiency appears to be a possible feature of patients with 9p trisomy syndrome. These patients, particularly those with growth delays, should be evaluated for GH secretion.”
“BACKGROUND: Lately, Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) is preferred over diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) as adjunct to primary survey. However, this is not evidence-based as there has been no randomized trial.

At least 20% of all cancers arise in association with infection and chronic inflammation. Inflammation and cancer are linked both along intrinsic (driven by genetic events causing malignancy)

and extrinsic (driven by inflammatory conditions predisposing to tumor) pathways. Proteinases are key contributors to the breakdown and reconstitution of extracellular matrix components in physiological processes and pathological conditions, including destructive diseases and tumor progression. Matrix metalloproteinases are especially essential in the complex process of coregulation between cellular components of the tumor environment, and they are considered as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in many types and stages of cancer.

Although the link between chronic inflammation, proteinases and risk of developing cancer is now well established, several open questions remain. The most exciting challenge is to find the best approach to target cancer-associated see more inflammation in patients with cancer. With respect to matrix metalloproteinases, the development of a new generation of selective inhibitors is a promising area of research. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“In this paper, nanosphere lithography (NSL) is applied to the surface of the Si3N4 trap layer in the charge trap flash device to improve its memory characteristics. A 500-nm-diameter polystyrene bead array was used as a mask to make patterns on the surface of the Si3N4 trap layer during etching processes using CF4 gases. The pattern depth measured by atomic force microscope was about 4 nm. The metal-aluminum oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon capacitor that has a patterned surface shows a larger SB202190 in vitro capacitance-voltage memory window of 5 V, higher tunneling current at bias voltages higher than 10 V. and faster program speeds of 50 ms, as compared to those measured from the capacitor with the flat

surface. These results are thought to be due to abundant memory traps available at the interface between the nitride and top oxide formed by NSL. (C) 2012 AG-014699 cell line Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The field of orthopedics has become increasingly important at present as the number of patients diagnosed with osteoporosis increases every year. Conventional identification methods are still being used to find a suitable implant for the patient. Therefore, a digital method need to be for an effective identification of implant size, identification prosess can be effectively implemented. This paper describes the design of hip joint implant for use in digital environment. Manual implant template used by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC) was used as the basis for the hip joint implant design. The template was redesigned using AutoCAD 2008 software. Template generated in AutoCAD format was converted to JPEG format so that it can be used in Photoshop software for colouring and scaling. The digital implant was then tested by using x-ray images of patients from by UKMMC.

“
“Background: Awareness of hyperdontia pattern/prevalence can be useful in early diagnosis and prevention by general practitioners, pediatric dentists, and orthodontists. Since the previous results regarding the pattern of hyperdontia (supernumerary teeth) are controversial, this study aimed to assess this subject among Iranian orthodontic patients.\n\nMethods: All approved panoramic radiographs of 3374 orthodontic patients (aged 10 to 20 years old) who had SIS3 in vitro visited orthodontic departments of all Tehran dentistry universities and 10 private clinics during the years 1999-2009 were investigated to establish the prevalence/pattern

of hyperdontia in permanent dentition (excluding third molars). The data were analyzed

using a chi-square, a chi-square goodness-of-fit, and a Fisher exact test (alpha = 0.05).\n\nResults: Of the patients, 2012 were female and 1362 were male. The prevalence of hyperdontia was 0.72% (14 females [0.69% of females], 10 males [0.73% of males], female-to-male ratio = 1:1.055). The difference between the genders was not significant (P = 0.896). No double or multiple supernumeraries were found. The most common accessory teeth were mesiodens (58.3%), maxillary laterals (25%), and maxillary premolars (16.7%). AZD1390 cell line Hyperdontia was significantly more common (P = 0.000) in maxilla (there was only one mandibular accessory tooth). It was more frequent in the anterior segment (P = 0.000). However the occurrence was not significantly different between bimaxillary right and left quadrants (P = 0.6).\n\nConclusion: Hyperdontia Epigenetic inhibitor molecular weight was more common in premaxilla, and the most common accessory tooth was mesiodens. Unlike earlier studies, no bilateral accessory teeth were found. Also no gender dimorphism was discerned.”
“To investigate immunity-related

guanosine triphosphatase family M (IRGM) genetic variants associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) in a Korean population. We conducted a prospective case-control study including 193 patients with active TB in Severance Hospital and 230 age- and sex-matched unrelated controls registered in Yonsei Cardiovascular Genome Center. Based on associations with other chronic inflammatory conditions, we analyzed the allele and genotype frequencies of rs72553867, rs10065172, and rs12654043 among patients with TB and healthy controls. The T allele of rs10065172 was significantly associated with protection against developing TB based on allele frequency [P = 0.042; odds ratio (OR) 0.75] and genotype distribution in the codominant model (P = 0.036; OR 0.73). This is the first study to identify a significant association between the IRGM single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10065172 and susceptibility to active TB disease in an Asian population. The results suggest that IRGM genetic variants could be associated with susceptibility to active TB disease in the Korean population.

There were no differences in age, duration of hospitalization, or rate of attendance at first appointment after hospital discharge. Understanding of Etomoxir chemical structure the characteristics associated with IH is necessary to improve the treatment of psychiatric disorders.”
“Background: The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is associated with carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis through inhibition of the caspase-mediated apoptotic pathway. The BRAF(V600E) mutation is the most common genetic alteration and an established prognostic marker in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The

prevalence of the BRAF mutation is very high and is up to 80% in Korean PTC patients. In the present study, we evaluated the potential role of XIAP expression as a novel prognostic marker to predict recurrence, in combination with the BRAF(V600E) mutational status. Methods: The study https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ml323.html enrolled 164 patients with conventional PTC who underwent bilateral thyroidectomy followed by immediate I-131 ablation. The presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation was evaluated by direct

sequencing. The degree of XIAP expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining using a monoclonal antibody. Results: The BRAF(V600E) mutation was found in 123 of 164 patients (75%) with classical PTC. XIAP expression was positive in 128 of 164 patients (75%), and positive XIAP expression was significantly associated with the presence of lateral cervical lymph node metastases (p=0.01). XIAP expression was more frequent in BRAF(V600E) mutated PTCs than in BRAF wild type PTCs (p=0.048). The BRAF(V600E) mutation

was significantly associated with cancer recurrence in study subjects (hazard ratio=2.98, p=0.039). PTCs positive for the BRAF(V600E) mutation but negative for XIAP expression had a significantly higher rate of recurrent PTC (hazard ratio=4.53, p=0.012). Conclusion: Raf activation The evaluation of XIAP expression and BRAF mutational analysis was more useful for the prediction of cancer recurrence in patients with PTC than BRAF genotype alone.”
“CONTEXT Teaching effectiveness ratings (TERs) are used to provide feedback to teachers on their performance and to guide decisions on academic promotion. However, exactly how raters make decisions on teaching effectiveness is unclear. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to identify variables that medical students appraise when rating the effectiveness of a classroom teacher, and to explore whether the relationships among these variables and TERs are modified by the physical attractiveness of the teacher. METHODS We asked 48 Year 1 medical students to listen to 2-minute audio clips of 10 teachers and to describe their impressions of these teachers and rate their teaching effectiveness. During each clip, we displayed either an attractive or an unattractive photograph of an unrelated third party.