Therefore, it might not be surprising that the number of known oligoploid and polyploid prokaryotic species outnumbers the monoploid species and it seems that monoploidy is not typical for prokaryotes, in contrast to the general belief. Polyploid, oligoploid, and monoploid species can co-exist within one group of prokaryotes, an example is the gamma-proteobacteria (Pecoraro et al., 2011), whereas other groups like the euryarchaeota seem to be devoid of monoploid species (Hildenbrand et al., 2011). Therefore, we found it interesting to clarify the situation for another group of prokaryotes, the cyanobacteria. It has been described more than 30 years ago that Anabaena

cylindrica and Anabaena variabilis are polyploid and contain see more 25 and 8–9 genome copies, respectively (Simon, 1977, 1980). In contrast, other species like Synechococcus WH8101 were shown to be monoploid U0126 mouse (Armbrust et al., 1989). Three species of cyanobacteria, representing a salt water species, a fresh water species, and a widely used laboratory species, were selected, and their genome copy numbers were quantified. A fast, sensitive, and precise real time PCR method was used that had originally been established for genome copy number quantification of haloarchaea (Breuert et al., 2006), but has recently been applied successfuly to proteobacteria (Pecoraro et al., 2011). In addition, a literature survey was performed and an overview of all

cyanobacterial species Cepharanthine with experimentally determined ploidy levels is given. Two Synechocystis PCC 6803 wild-type strains were obtained from Annegret Wilde (University of Giessen, Germany). Synechocystis PCC6803 was isolated in 1968 by R. Kunisawa from a freshwater lake in California (Stanier et al., 1971) and deposited at the Pasteur Culture Collection (PCC6803) and the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 27184). Several variants arose and are currently under investigation. One strain will be called ‘motile strain’ (originally obtained from the lab of Sergey Shestakov,

Moscow State University, in the cyanobacteria community known as ‘Moscow strain’), the other will be called ‘GT strain’ (glusose tolerant; originally obtained from the lab of Martin Tichy, Trebon; in the cyanobacteria community known as ‘Vermaas strain’). The genome sequence was determined from a third strain not used in this study. It was derived from the GT strain, and is known in the cyanobacteria community as the ‘Kazusa strain’ (Okamoto et al., 1999). Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and Synechococcus sp. WH7803 were obtained from Wolfgang R. Hess (University of Freiburg, Germany). Synechocystis and S. elongatus were grown in BG11 medium (Rippka et al., 1979). The marine Synechococcus sp. WH7803 was grown in artificial sea water (ASW; Waterbury & Wiley, 1988). All strains were grown at a temperature of 28 °C on a rotary shaker (120 r.p.m.

, 2008). The genome of a bacterial taxon can be divided into two compartments: a ‘core genome’ containing genes conserved in all the strains, and a ‘dispensable genome’ containing genes that are absent from one or more strains. Together, these two components make up the ‘pan-genome’ (Medini et al., 2005). About 96% of the Xcm 4381 genome and 92% of the Xvv 702 Opaganib research buy genome are conserved between the two strains. However,

these two genomes each contained several hundred kilobases of sequence that was not conserved (Table 2), representing part of the dispensable genome of the species X. vasicola. About 60–80% of the Xcm 4381 and Xvv 702 genomes were conserved in other sequenced Xanthomonas species. Figure 1 shows the sequence data from Xcm 4381 and Xvv 702 aligned against the genome of Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae MAFF 311018, revealing global patterns of conservation and variation. Alignment of the Illumina sequence reads vs. the Xoo genome also revealed 3011 high-confidence single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between Xcm 4381 and Xvv 702 (see Supporting Information, Appendix S1). Several predicted proteins from Xcm

4381 and Xvv 702 most closely resembled sequences from bacteria not closely related to Xanthomonas species. Most of these proteins do not have a known function or have similarity to proteins encoded by phage, transposons or other mobile genetic elements. Many of those for which a function could be inferred were associated with plasmid selleck chemicals llc replication, maintenance or transfer. For example, a 7.6-kb contig from Xvv 702 (GenBank: ACHS01000311.1) encoded several proteins with sequence similarity to proteins eltoprazine encoded by the gammaproteobacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae (Fouts et al., 2008). Several of these proteins (Fig. 2a) share at least 80% amino acid sequence identity with K. pneumoniae plasmid-associated proteins RepA, TrbJ and TrbL. This gene cluster may

have been horizontally transferred between a Klebsiella strain and an ancestor of Xvv, likely as part of a conjugative plasmid. Klebsiella species are often found as endophytic symbionts in plants, including sugarcane (Nunez & Colmer, 1968; Ando et al., 2005; Govindarajan et al., 2007) and so it is plausible that Xanthomonas and Klebsiella strains may come into close contact in planta. Xvv 702 harbours DNA sequence similar to that of plasmid pMRAD02 from the alphaproteobacterium Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM2831 and to the broad-host-range plasmids pIPO2 and pSB102, which were isolated, respectively, from bacteria of the wheat rhizosphere (Tauch et al., 2002; Mela et al., 2008) and the alfalfa rhizosphere (Schneiker et al., 2001). Opportunities for genetic exchange between Xanthomonas and Methylobacterium species might be common because the latter are often found to be associated with plants such as epiphytes, endophytes or symbionts (Pirttila et al., 2000; Sy et al., 2001; Idris et al., 2006; Delmotte et al.

For example, of the 34 patients in the MONET trial with virological failure by the TLOVR algorithm, only eight (24%) had confirmed elevations of HIV RNA > 400 copies/mL, none developed phenotypic resistance to PIs and 24 (71%) had HIV RNA levels < 50 copies/mL at the end of the trial (week 144). Use of an ITT (switches not considered failures) endpoint can help to evaluate the long-term consequences of viral rebound [20]; these may differ between drug classes which have different potency or genetic barriers to the emergence of drug selleckchem resistance

[21, 22]. In addition to concerns over low-level virological rebound during PI monotherapy, there has been concern over the potential for HIV replication in the central nervous system (CNS). A recent review of the evidence has not shown an increased risk for CNS virological failure or neurocognitive impairment during treatment with PI monotherapy [23]. However, larger, long-term trials of PI monotherapy are in progress, with dedicated substudies to examine this issue in www.selleckchem.com/products/E7080.html more detail [24]. In summary, in this randomized study of patients with HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL on stable antiretroviral treatment and with no history of virological

failure, DRV/r monotherapy showed noninferior efficacy to DRV/r + 2NRTIs in the ITT (switches not considered failures) analysis, but not in the primary TLOVR switch equals failure analysis. No phenotypic resistance

to PIs developed in either treatment arm. As shown in the MONET trial, the benefits of DRV/r monotherapy are a simplified treatment with a single boosted PI, which avoids the adverse events, costs and potential drug resistance associated with the use of other drug classes. There appears to be a slightly higher risk of elevations in HIV RNA for patients taking DRV/r monotherapy. However, these patients could be successfully resuppressed, with HIV RNA returning < 50 copies/mL, either by continuation of the DRV/r monotherapy or by intensification with NRTIs. Erastin We thank the investigators, study coordinators, site and data managers and the patients for their contributions. J.R.A. is an investigator from the Programa de Intensificacio’n de la Actividad Investigadora en el SNS (I3SNS) 2008, INT07/147. “
“Men diagnosed with rectal gonorrhoea (GC) and chlamydia (CT) have engaged in unprotected receptive anal intercourse. We reviewed the HIV positivity and HIV viral loads (VLs) of men who had rectal GC and CT testing to evaluate potential HIV acquisition and transmission risk. Rectal GC and CT testing data for men attending the Maricopa County STD clinic during the period from 1 October 2011 to 30 September 2013 were cross-matched with HIV surveillance data to identify men with HIV coinfection. We examined HIV status, HIV diagnosis date, and the values of VL collected nearest to the date of reported rectal infection.

, 2005). This N-terminal domain was not selected

for the rTbpA fragment tested here because CTLA-4 antibody inhibitor an earlier report about gonococcal TbpA (Yost-Daljev & Cornelissen, 2004) showed that the most exposed fragments are located in intermediate domains, which therefore are more readily accessible to antibodies. According to the data gathered in our study, the intermediate domain of H. parasuis rTbpA might also represent an immunodominant region, as the rabbit antibodies raised against it developed high titers by ELISA and also reacted against TbpA from other Pasteurellaceae, such as A. pleuropneumoniae, revealing the high conservation of this protein, as reported in other species (González et al., 1995; Myers et al., 1998). In this respect, other porcine rTbps generated from A. pleuropneumoniae have developed a strong humoral immune response in experimental studies in pigs, being comparable to that induced by

natural infection (Rossi-Campos et al., 1992). On the other hand, the bactericidal activity revealed by any of the four sera developed clearly shows that our rTbpA fragment, about one-third of the full length of native TbpA, was Alectinib chemical structure sufficient for the induction of bactericidal antibodies against the homologous serovar of H. parasuis. In this sense, a hypothetical protection induced by this rTbpA fragment against H. parasuis infection might be due to complement-mediated lysis, and serum bactericidal activity might be an appropriate predictor of efficacy for a potential vaccine based on this recombinant protein fragment. Finally, electron microscopy confirmed that the native TbpA appears to be accessible

to antibodies at the cell surface, because the rabbit antibodies raised against this rTbpA fragment were able to bind specifically to H. parasuis. Protective responses against TbpA from other gram-negative organisms, such as Neisseria meningitidis (Ferreiros & Criado, 1994; West et al., 2001) the and A. pleuropneumoniae (Kim & Lee, 2006), have demonstrated the potential efficacy of this protein as a vaccine candidate. The production of a soluble and purified form of H. parasuis rTbpA fragment, which is likely to be surface accessible to antibodies, provides an opportunity to directly assess whether this antigen can serve as a good candidate to protect not only against serovar-specific H. parasuis but also against other serovars. In conclusion, this work reports for the first time the characterization of a rTbpA fragment from H. parasuis serovar 5, a highly virulent and one of the most prevalent serovars (Oliveira & Pijoan, 2004). Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether this 200-amino acid fragment could be used as an effective vaccine to prevent Glässer’s disease. This work was supported by grant AGL2008-00110/GAN from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. S.M. and R.F.

3). All sourdough Weissella strains revealed a dextransucrase at 180 kDa, which is similar to the dextransucrase visualized from the reference NRRL B-512F strain. A similar band pattern was obtained for both conditions of culture i.e. with sucrose or glucose as the carbon source (Fig. 3a and b, respectively). Conversely, no active band was detected with the reference strain NRRL B-512F when cultivated in glucose growth conditions (Fig. 3b); thus confirming the well-known p53 inhibitor sucrose induction of dextransucrase. The most intense bands were observed for soluble fractions that previously exhibited higher enzyme activity in DNS assays. This confirms that W. cibaria and W. confusa 180 kDa dextransucrase

is mainly soluble and is produced either with sucrose or with glucose as the carbon source. Besides, an additional faint band was detected at 300 kDa for the W. confusa DSM 20196T strain and only in sucrose growth conditions (Fig. 3a, not visible in the supernatant), suggesting the presence of an additional sucrose-inducible dextransucrase. The sourdough strain K39, which produced the highest soluble enzyme activity, was selected to perform SP600125 protein sequencing in order to design specific primers. Indeed, a first

attempt to detect dextransucrase encoding genes from W. cibaria and W. confusa strains (Bounaix et al., 2009) was unsuccessful using degenerate primers DegFor-DegRev (Kralj et al., 2003), targeting conserved regions within the catalytic domains of LAB glucansucrases (Fig. 4), as also reported by several authors (Tieking et al., 2003; Di Cagno et al., 2006; van der Meulen

et al., 2007; Schwab et al., 2008). As shown in Fig. 4a, six peptides were generated during microsequencing of the K39 soluble 180 kDa dextransucrase, and the peptide sequences showed similarity with the glucansucrase GTFKg3 of Lactobacillus fermentum Kg3 (Kralj et al., 2004). A first set of degenerate primers bMAR1F-bMAR2R was designed (Fig. 4b and Table 1). PCR amplification yielded a 2500-bp amplicon from W. cibaria K39 DNA. Partial sequencing of this fragment allowed to design nondegenerate oligonucleotide primers dsrK39For Tolmetin and dsrK39Rev (Fig. 4b and Table 1). Using these primers, a 1950-bp fragment was obtained from W. cibaria strains DNA, but no fragment was amplified from the two W. confusa strains DNA. Partial sequencing of the PCR products from strain K39 confirmed the similarity to dextransucrase (Fig. 5). The corresponding predicted amino acid sequence, named DSRK39, showed >98% identity to GTFKg3 of L. fermentum Kg3 (Kralj et al., 2004) and DSRWC from W. cibaria CMU (Kang et al., 2009) as well as 64.4% identity to DSR-S from L. mesenteroides NRRL B-512F, which is in agreement with the dextransucrase activity. Notably, the regions in the vicinity of the catalytic triad (D, E, D) are relatively conserved in these enzymes.

3). All sourdough Weissella strains revealed a dextransucrase at 180 kDa, which is similar to the dextransucrase visualized from the reference NRRL B-512F strain. A similar band pattern was obtained for both conditions of culture i.e. with sucrose or glucose as the carbon source (Fig. 3a and b, respectively). Conversely, no active band was detected with the reference strain NRRL B-512F when cultivated in glucose growth conditions (Fig. 3b); thus confirming the well-known learn more sucrose induction of dextransucrase. The most intense bands were observed for soluble fractions that previously exhibited higher enzyme activity in DNS assays. This confirms that W. cibaria and W. confusa 180 kDa dextransucrase

is mainly soluble and is produced either with sucrose or with glucose as the carbon source. Besides, an additional faint band was detected at 300 kDa for the W. confusa DSM 20196T strain and only in sucrose growth conditions (Fig. 3a, not visible in the supernatant), suggesting the presence of an additional sucrose-inducible dextransucrase. The sourdough strain K39, which produced the highest soluble enzyme activity, was selected to perform check details protein sequencing in order to design specific primers. Indeed, a first

attempt to detect dextransucrase encoding genes from W. cibaria and W. confusa strains (Bounaix et al., 2009) was unsuccessful using degenerate primers DegFor-DegRev (Kralj et al., 2003), targeting conserved regions within the catalytic domains of LAB glucansucrases (Fig. 4), as also reported by several authors (Tieking et al., 2003; Di Cagno et al., 2006; van der Meulen

et al., 2007; Schwab et al., 2008). As shown in Fig. 4a, six peptides were generated during microsequencing of the K39 soluble 180 kDa dextransucrase, and the peptide sequences showed similarity with the glucansucrase GTFKg3 of Lactobacillus fermentum Kg3 (Kralj et al., 2004). A first set of degenerate primers bMAR1F-bMAR2R was designed (Fig. 4b and Table 1). PCR amplification yielded a 2500-bp amplicon from W. cibaria K39 DNA. Partial sequencing of this fragment allowed to design nondegenerate oligonucleotide primers dsrK39For Morin Hydrate and dsrK39Rev (Fig. 4b and Table 1). Using these primers, a 1950-bp fragment was obtained from W. cibaria strains DNA, but no fragment was amplified from the two W. confusa strains DNA. Partial sequencing of the PCR products from strain K39 confirmed the similarity to dextransucrase (Fig. 5). The corresponding predicted amino acid sequence, named DSRK39, showed >98% identity to GTFKg3 of L. fermentum Kg3 (Kralj et al., 2004) and DSRWC from W. cibaria CMU (Kang et al., 2009) as well as 64.4% identity to DSR-S from L. mesenteroides NRRL B-512F, which is in agreement with the dextransucrase activity. Notably, the regions in the vicinity of the catalytic triad (D, E, D) are relatively conserved in these enzymes.

We performed a retrospective analysis to identify individuals presenting with a new diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis (CM), cerebral toxoplasmosis or Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2010 via electronic clinical codes. We then carried out a case-based notes review to determine HIV test results prior to the diagnosis of an OI and the CD4 cell count and HIV-1 RNA at admission. Data were included for individuals with CM on the basis of a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, PCP on the basis of positive immunofluorescence or high clinical suspicion based on radiology and oxygen desaturation on exercise, and toxoplasmosis on the basis of compatible radiology

with response to treatment. Where subjects had more than one admission BI 6727 supplier per OI, data were collected only for the primary SAHA HDAC chemical structure presentation. During this time period, 117 serious OIs occurred: nine cases of CM, seven cases of toxoplasmosis and 101 cases of PCP. The median CD4 count was 52 cells/μL [interquartile range (IQR)

18–142 cells/μL] and the median HIV-1 RNA was 84 000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL (IQR 2696–197 000 copies/mL). Seventy-three individuals (62%) had previously undergone a positive HIV test more than 6 months prior to the diagnosis of an OI and were aware of the result. In these individuals, the median duration from diagnosis of HIV infection to presentation of the OI was 8.5 years (IQR 4.5–13 years). Within this group, 44 of the 73 individuals (60%) had previously commenced ART prior to diagnosis of the OI, and had been on ART for a median of 8 years (IQR 4.5–10.7 years). Our findings also raise the issue of chemoprophylaxis in patients who would not necessarily receive it according to consensus guidelines. None of the individuals diagnosed with toxoplasmosis or CM was on ART; however, SB-3CT seven individuals (7%) with PCP had undetectable HIV-1 RNA, and more details of these patients are given in Table 1. Three of these patients had a CD4 count >200 cells/μL (>15%) and would not routinely be on prophylaxis. The Opportunistic Infections Project Team of the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research

in Europe (COHERE) showed, in patients discontinuing PCP prophylaxis after starting ART, that the incidence of primary PCP was zero cases per 1000 person-years of follow-up in those with a CD4 count of 101–200 cells/μL [2]. Four of seven patients were within this category and had an undetectable viral load for a median of 55 months (range 15–75 months). These data show that, even in the era of effective ART, the majority of individuals presenting with serious OIs in our cohort had already received a diagnosis of HIV infection and were not late presenters. There are a multitude of reasons why these individuals present with serious OIs, including poor compliance with treatment, defaulting from follow-up, substance abuse, denial of diagnosis and inadequate prophylaxis.

meliloti strain LPU88 and the subsequent selection of those mutants that had lost the ability to mobilize the small plasmid pSmeLPU88b. The Tn5-B13-insertion site of one of the mutants was cloned as an EcoRI-restricted DNA fragment that after subsequent isolation and sequencing demonstrated that a small open reading frame of 522 bp (designated rptA, for rhizobium plasmid transfer A) had been disrupted. The predicted gene product encoded by the rptA sequence shows Crizotinib in vivo a significant similarity to two hypothetical proteins of the

plasmid pSmed03 of Ensifer medicae WSM419 and other rhizobia plasmids. No significant similarity was found to any protein sequence of known function registered in the databases. Although the rptA

gene was required for pSmeLPU88b-plasmid mobilization in the strain 2011 background, it was not required in the original strain LPU88 background. “
“The Escherichia coli melR gene encodes the MelR transcription factor that controls melibiose utilization. Expression of melR is autoregulated by MelR, which represses the melR promoter by binding to a target that overlaps the transcript start. Here, we Selleck Ion Channel Ligand Library show that MelR-dependent repression of the melR promoter can be enhanced by the presence of a second single DNA site for MelR located up to 250 base pairs upstream. Parallels with AraC-dependent repression at the araC–araBAD regulatory region and Interleukin-3 receptor the possibility of the MelR-dependent repression loop formation are discussed. The results show that MelR bound at two distal loci can cooperate together in transcriptional

repression. The activity of many bacterial promoters is controlled by transcription repressors, and many cases have now been described where efficient repression requires interaction between repressors bound at two separated DNA targets, resulting in looping of the intervening DNA (Browning & Busby, 2004). One of the first cases to be described was repression by the Escherichia coli AraC protein at the araC-araBAD intergenic regulatory region, which requires AraC binding to two target sites, I1 and O2, separated by 210 base pairs (reviewed by Schleif, 2010). In previous work, we have studied the interactions of MelR at the E. coli melibiose operon regulatory region (Wade et al., 2000, 2001). MelR is a member of the AraC family of transcription factors and is essential for melibiose-dependent triggering of the melAB operon that encodes products needed for melibiose catabolism and transport. The melR gene is located upstream of the melAB operon, and the melR and melAB promoters are divergent, with the transcript start sites separated by 256 base pairs (Webster et al., 1987).

, 2001). Activation of this area is associated with the selection among competing responses (Petrides, 2005), and the more superior portion activated here is especially involved in the spatial domain (Volle et al., 2008). During imitation, this region may serve to maintain a representation of the observed goal in short-term working memory for later execution (Chaminade et al., 2002). Co-activation of the superior frontal gyrus and posterior inferior frontal gyrus

may thus reflect Naïve reliance on kinematic simulation and top-down direction of attention to task-relevant spatial cues. When combined with the anterior inferior parietal and ventral prefrontal activations observed across all groups, these Naïve activations match the general find more expectations of a simulation model of novel action understanding (Buccino et al., 2004; Vogt et al., 2007). No activations exclusive to Trained subjects were observed in the Acheulean–Oldowan contrast. Comparison with the numerous activations observed

in the contrast of Toolmaking–Control for Trained subjects (Table 2; Fig. 2) indicates that this result derives from the presence of similar responses to Oldowan and Acheulean stimuli rather than from the absence of significant differences from Control. This is corroborated by the observation of similar activations in separate contrasts of Oldowan–Control and Acheulean–Control (Supporting Information Figs S3 and S4; Tables S1 and S2). The Trained response to both Oldowan selleck products and Acheulean stimuli includes: (i) clusters in the anterior insula, lateral premotor cortex, frontal eye field and supplementary eye field likely related to attentional and affective engagement with the stimuli; and (ii) ventral prefrontal clusters likely associated with parsing of observed action

sequences. Insular activations Celecoxib unique to Trained subjects are in an anterior region associated with interoception, subjective feeling and perceptual awareness (Kikyo et al., 2002; Ploran et al., 2007; Craig, 2009). Activations of the left medial frontal cortex (close to y = 0) and posterior middle frontal gyrus appear to fall within the supplementary and frontal eye fields (Tehovnik et al., 2000), functional regions associated with saccades, visual attention and visual learning (Tehovnik et al., 2000; Grosbras et al., 2005). Together with activation of the precentral gyrus, a region commonly recruited during action observation (Grezes & Decety, 2001; Caspers et al., 2010), these activations likely indicate intense engagement by Trained subjects with the Toolmaking stimuli. These effects of training were not predicted, but are consistent with the pragmatic social and motivational context created by the training programme. Also unique to Trained subjects were inferior frontal gyrus activations of bilateral pars opercularis, left pars triangularis and right pars orbitalis.

The author also thanks all members of the committee on gynecologic oncology of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Dr Wataru Yamagami in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University for their contribution to summarizing the data and Ms Miyuki Nakai and Ms Keiko Abe for their secretarial help. There is no conflict of interest. “
“The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology collects and analyzes annual data on gynecologic cancers from member institutions. Here we present the Patient Annual Report for 2012 Panobinostat purchase and the Treatment Annual Report for 2006. Data on 7028 patients with cervical cancer, 8217 with endometrial

cancer, 5140 with ovarian cancer and 1725 with ovarian borderline tumor for whom treatment was initiated in 2012 were summarized in the Patient Annual Report. Data on the prognosis of 2699 patients with cervical cancer, 3243 with endometrial cancer and 1898 with ovarian cancer for whom treatment was initiated in 2006 were analyzed in the Treatment Annual Report. In the Patient Annual Report for 2012, stage I accounted for 55.4%, stage II for 23.0%, stage III for 11.0% and stage Ku-0059436 mouse IV for 10.6% of all patients with cervical cancer. Stage I accounted for 72.2%, stage II for 7.0%, stage III for 13.4% and stage IV for 7.3% of all patients with endometrial cancer. Stage I accounted for 43.1%, stage II for 9.2%, stage III

for 29.7% and stage IV for 7.2% of all patients with ovarian cancer. In the Treatment Annual Report for 2006, the 5-year overall survival rates for patients with cervical cancer were 92.9% for stage I, 74.6% for stage II, 55.3% for stage III and 24.3% for stage IV. The equivalent rates for patients with endometrial cancer were 96.3%, 92.7%, 80.6% and

35.8%, respectively; Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 and those for patients with ovarian surface epithelial–stromal tumors were 90.6%, 82.9%, 48.7% and 40.9%, respectively. “
“Among cases of placental abruption registered in the Perinatal Care Database developed by the Committee on Perinatal Care of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, those in which consent for secondary research was obtained, and the diagnosis of cerebral palsy was established based on the results of examination covered by the obstetrical care payment system, have recently been studied, and the results suggest the following: When placental abruption occurs outside the hospital, it frequently becomes severe, involving intrauterine fetal death and requiring maternal blood transfusion. However, as it is a disease occurring irrespective of the time and location and requiring maternal–fetal emergency care, early delivery is indispensable even when it occurs in hospital. Special attention should be paid to decreased fetal movements or their loss, in addition to abdominal pain and bleeding as initial symptoms.