764; 95% CI: 2.588-12.837; p smaller than 0.0001 on univariate analysis; OR: 3.768; 95% CI: 1.469-9.665; p = 0.006 on multivariate analysis). IHC staining of the immunoreactivity of DVL1 showed that DVL1 was localized in the cytoplasm

of CRC cells. High expression of DVL1 was observed in 55% (33/60) of CRC tumor specimens and was associated significantly with tumor depth, perineural invasion and liver metastasis status (all p smaller than 0.05). Our experimental results demonstrated that DVL1 is significantly overexpressed click here in CRC patients with liver metastasis, leading us to conclude that DVL1 could be a potential prognostic and predictive marker for CRC patients.”
“The major issue for biodegradable magnesium alloys is the fast degradation and release of hydrogen

gas. In this article, we aim to overcome these disadvantages by using a surface modified magnesium implant. We have recently coated AZ91 magnesium implants by akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) through the combined electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) methods. In this work, we performed the in vitro and in vivo examinations of these coated implants using L-929 cell line and rabbit animal model. The in vitro study confirmed the higher cytocompatibility of the coated implants compare to the uncoated ones. For the in vivo experiment, the rod samples were implanted into the greater trochanter of rabbits and monitored for two months. The results indicated a noticeable biocompatibility improvement of the coated implants which includes slower implant weight loss, reduction in selleck products Mg ion released from the coated samples in the blood plasma, lower release of hydrogen bubbles, increase in the amount of bone formation and ultimately lower bone inflammation after the surgery according to the histological images. selleck chemicals llc Our data exemplifies that the proper surface

treatment of the magnesium implants can improve their biocompatibility under physiological conditions to make them applicable in clinical uses. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1798-1808, 2015.”
“Acute liver failure (ALF) still has an unacceptable high mortality rate, despite substantial improvements with multidisciplinary care. The precise underlying mechanism of ALF remains to be explored. It has been reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) are novel regulators in a number of liver diseases, but the role of miRNAs in the development of ALF is not fully understood. An ALF murine model was generated by ip injection of d-GalN/LPS, which was confirmed with histopathology and biochemistry. The hepatic miRNA expression profile in ALF was determined by microarray and verified by qRT-PCR. The functions and signal pathways of the targeted genes of these deregulated miRNAs were predicted, using bioinformatics analysis.

Karger AG, Basel”
“Despite long planktonic durations, many species of broadcast spawning invertebrates exhibit genetic structure at small spatial and temporal scales. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were used to assess genetic variation in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, among four inshore and one offshore location in the Gulf of Maine and temporal genetic variation among age classes of sea scallops at one site. Our results indicated that genetic structure for P. magellanicus exists on smaller spatial scales (tens to hundreds of kilometers) than expected given the 40-day planktonic larval period. In addition, genetic differences among age classes may be influenced by inter-annual

differences in larval supply or reproductive success. Future genetic studies should sample multiple age classes prior to comparison among locations.”
“Thinner Si solar cells with higher efficiency can make a Si photovoltaic system a Cl-amidine cost cost-effective energy solution, and nanostructuring has been suggested as a promising method to make thin Si an effective absorber. However, thin Si solar cells with nanostructures are not efficient because of severe Auger recombination and increased surface area, normally yielding smaller than 50% EQE with short-wavelength light. Here we demonstrate

bigger than 80% EQEs at wavelengths from 400 to 800 nm in a sub-10-mu m-thick Si solar cell, resulting in 13.7% power conversion R406 manufacturer efficiency. This significant improvement was achieved with an all-back-contact design preventing Auger recombination and with a nanocone structure having less surface area than any other nanostructures for solar cells. The device design principles presented here balance the photonic and electronic effects JNK-IN-8 manufacturer together and are an important step to realizing highly efficient, thin Si and other types of thin solar cells.”
“Clinical guidelines highlight the importance

of managing atherogenic mixed dyslipidemia to reduce the risk of premature cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. The lipid-modifying activity of fenofibrate, as demonstrated in clinical studies, indicates its effectiveness in treating dyslipidemia characteristic of these conditions. Fenofibrate also has a favorable impact on a number of nonlipid residual risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha. In patients with type 2 diabetes, fenofibrate is effective in reducing the progression of coronary artery disease, as demonstrated by the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS). In the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, the primary end point (major coronary events) was not significantly reduced by fenofibrate treatment. However, other findings from this study suggest that fenofibrate reduces cardiovascular risk.

We also discuss implications of such a finding in terms of early detection, diagnosis and prognosis. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Background: Peripheral blood leucopenia and thrombocytopenia are the main manifestations in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) patients. However, the underlying causes

are poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate cytology of bone marrow samples collected from SFTS patients.\n\nMethods: 10 SFTS patients were identified by typical clinical manifestations, detection of peripheral blood leucopenia and thrombocytopenia, and nucleic acid-based detection of the newly identified bunyavirus. SFTS patients, along with 10 participants with acute aplastic anemia and 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study after PHA-739358 manufacturer written informed consent to undergo bone marrow cytological examination.\n\nResults: We observed similar bone marrow properties in SFTS patients and healthy volunteers, significantly different from the characteristics observed in acute aplastic anemia patients.\n\nConclusion: Similarities between bone marrow samples collected from SFTS patients and healthy volunteers suggest

that peripheral blood leucopenia and thrombocytopenia do not result from bone marrow cell plasticity.”
“Background: Granulosa cell tumors (GCT) are malignant tumors of the sex cord stroma representing 5% of all malignant ovarian tumors. Their treatment is surgery, and rarely chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recently, salvage treatment with aromatase PFTα inhibitors was suggested based on few reported clinical cases. Case Report: We present the case of a 61-year-old woman with unresectable recurrent GCT of the right ovary treated with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. Tumor mass and peritoneal carcinomatosis decreased in size allowing almost complete surgical resection. The patient remained in complete clinical remission

for at least 24 months after surgery while under letrozole. Conclusion: Aromatase inhibitors JQ-EZ-05 order represent an innovative treatment for these rare and refractory tumors offering promising results while avoiding toxic and marginally active chemotherapeutic agents.”
“Background The current standard treatment for patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) of genotype 2 is the combination of peginterferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) for 24 weeks.\n\nAims We assessed the sustained virological response (SVR) rates in HCV genotype 2-infected Japanese patients in relation to the duration of treatment.\n\nMethods Between 2006 and 2009, among 147 patients with HCV genotype 2-infection in Chiba Prefecture, 138 consecutive patients were finally enrolled. Twenty-one, 97 and 20 patients were treated with PEG-IFN-alfa 2b plus RBV for 16, 24 and 48 weeks, respectively. Epidemiological data and treatment outcomes were retrospectively evaluated.

This unique biphenotypic cellular and architectural make-up indicates the possibility of divergent myoepithelial and ameloblastic differentiation in the present jawbone tumor. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012;114:e49-e53)”
“A bioactive peptide Arg-Val-Pro-Ser-Leu (RVPSL) obtained from egg white protein was characterized

by LC-MS and further chemically synthesized by the Fmoc solid phase method and investigated in terms of its angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity, antioxidant property, and anticoagulation activity, as well as its stability in a simulated gastrointestinal 17DMAG molecular weight digestion. The peptide exhibited an ACE-inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 20 mu M. Also, the peptide could efficiently selleck quench the (1,1)-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals and exhibit high anticoagulation activity with a complete inhibition at 100 mM. Moreover, the peptide has a good stability against protease digestion.

These results suggest that the peptide RVPSL may have potential to be used in nutraceuticals and functional food. Keywords: ACE-inhibitory activity, anticoagulation activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, egg white, peptide”
“We surveyed volunteers from 8 hospices in the Delaware Valley regarding training, perceived needs, and role satisfaction. Results were consistent with previous studies: satisfaction with preservice training and with volunteering was very high; respondents reported feeling very prepared and confident about doing hospice work as a result of their volunteer training. In addition, longer volunteer preservice training was associated

with higher levels of overall satisfaction with training; levels of volunteer satisfaction and fulfillment tended to be lower during the first year of volunteering; and participation in volunteer support teams was associated with finding volunteer work rewarding and with feeling a part of the hospice team. Implications for preservice training and ongoing support and education of hospice volunteers are discussed.”
“Public demand to conserve biodiversity has resulted in increased monitoring efforts for a vast number of species. Faced with reporting on the large amounts of information generated by biodiversity monitoring, there is a desire to have state variables BTK activity that simplify this complexity. Intactness indices describe the deviation of the state of biodiversity from a specified reference condition. An effective intactness index should not only statistically describe changes in biodiversity when change occurs but also resonate with people in a way that they have a clear picture of the type of change that has occurred. We used an online survey to evaluate whether public perception of cumulative impacts as viewed through images of disturbed boreal landscapes was correlated with actual indices of avian biodiversity intactness.

Measures of core (T(c)) and skin (T(sk)) temperatures, HR, perceptual exertion, and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD7762.html thermal stress were monitored throughout. Venous and capillary blood samples were analyzed for metabolite, muscle damage, and inflammatory markers. Results: WB precooling facilitated

the maintenance of sprint times during the exercise protocol with reduced percent decline (P = 0.04). Mean and total hard running distances increased with precooling 12% compared with CONT (P < 0.05); specifically, WB was 6%-7% greater than HH (P = 0.02) and H (P = 0.001), respectively. No change was evident in mean voluntary or evoked force before to after exercise with WB and HH cooling (P > 0.05). WB and HH cooling reduced T(c) by 0.1 degrees C-0.3 degrees

C compared with other conditions (P < 0.05). WB T(sk) was suppressed for the entire session (P = 0.001). HR responses after WB cooling were reduced (P = 0.05; d = 1.07) compared with CONT conditions during exercise. Conclusions: Procaspase activation A relationship between precooling volume and exercise performance seems apparent, as larger surface area coverage augmented subsequent free-paced exercise capacity, in conjunction with greater suppression of physiological load. Maintenance of maximal voluntary contraction with precooling despite increased work output suggests the role of centrally mediated mechanisms in exercise pacing regulation and subsequent see more performance.”
“17-beta-Estradiol (E2) is a steroid hormone involved in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity and other forms of brain injury. Through genomic and nongenomic mechanisms, E2 modulates neuronal excitability and signal transmission by regulating NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. However, the mechanisms and identity of the receptors involved remain unclear, even though studies have suggested that estrogen G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) is linked to protection against ischemic injury. In the culture cortical neurons, treatment with E2 and the GPR30 agonist G1 for 45 min attenuated the excitotoxicity

induced by NMDA exposure. The acute neuroprotection mediated by GPR30 is dependent on G-protein-coupled signals and ERK1/2 activation, but independent on transcription or translation. Knockdown of GPR30 using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) significantly reduced the E2-induced rapid neuroprotection. Patch-clamp recordings revealed that GPR30 activation depressed exogenous NMDA-elicited currents. Short-term GPR30 activation did not affect the expression of either NR2A- or NR2B-containing NMDARs; however, it depressed NR2B subunit phosphorylation at Ser-1303 by inhibiting the dephosphorylation of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). DAPK1 knockdown using shRNAs significantly blocked NR2B subunit phosphorylation at Ser-1303 and abolished the GPR30-mediated depression of exogenous NMDA-elicited currents. Lateral ventricle injection of the GPR30 agonist G1(0.

Genet Med 2010:12(9):556-566.”
“Objective. To examine the efficacy of four individually-delivered Motivational Interviewing counseling sessions for smoking cessation versus a matched intensity comparison condition.\n\nMethod. From https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd8186.html 2006-2009, students attending college in the Midwest smoking at least 1 of 30 days were recruited regardless of their interest in quitting. 30 fraternities and sororities were randomized, resulting in 452 participants.\n\nResults. No significant differences were found for 30-day cessation between treatment and comparison at end of treatment (31.4% vs 28%, OR = 1.20, 95% CI 0.72,

1.99) or at follow-up (20.4% vs 24.6%. OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.50, 1.22). Predictors of cessation at follow-up, regardless of condition, included more sessions attended (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1, 1.8) and more cigarettes smoked in 30 days at baseline (OR 4.7, 95% CI 2.5, 8.9). The odds

of making at least one quit attempt were significantly greater for those in the smoking group at end of treatment (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11, 2.74) and follow-up (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.11, 2.47). Modeling showed reduction in days smoked for both groups. At end of treatment, more frequent smokers in the treatment condition had greater reductions in days smoked.\n\nConclusion. Motivational Interviewing for smoking cessation is effective for increasing cessation attempts and reducing days smoked in the short run. find more (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Tuberculous tenosynovitis is a rare manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (Tb), especially if solely the dorsal

hand compartment is affected. In this report, we present the medical history of an immuno-competent 32-year-old man presented with GSK1210151A solubility dmso a painful swelling of the right dorsal wrist. Initial inflammation onset had occurred 6 months before he consulted our service, resulting in consultation of several physicians and extensive diagnostic procedures without gaining a specific diagnosis. Finally, after extensive diagnostic tests, a tenosynovectomy was performed and tuberculosis-induced extensor tenosynovitis was detected. The diagnosis was established by positive histology, repeated specific PCR and T-SPOT.TB. Tuberculous tenosynovitis can easily be overlooked as a cause of chronic tenosynovitis particularly in immunocompetent young people lacking any risk factors.”
“This paper provides a new, exact, and general expression involving 1-D and 2-D Q-functions for the bit error probability of M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels when Gray code bit mapping is employed. Regular patterns in the error probability expression of the kth bit are observed while developing the bit error rate (BER) expression. From these patterns, we then derive a new BER expression for the MPSK constellation.

A variety of potential risk factors have been identified, but

few have demonstrated statistical significance.\n\nMethods. The Pediatric Orthopedic Spine Database identified 151 patients with neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent surgery and had a GM6001 mw follow-up of minimum of 2 years. A to tal of eight patients (5.3% prevalence) developed a postoperative wound infection. Nine patients without an infection were matched by year and type of surgery, for each patient with an infection and selected as controls (n = 72). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were analyzed for an association with wound infection by using stepwise logistic regression. In addition, causative organisms as well as the methods Elafibranor inhibitor and results of treatment were recorded for each patient.\n\nResults. The control group consisted of 32 males and 40 females with a mean age of 13.3 years (range, 7-21 years) and a mean follow-up of 4.6 years (range, 2.0-20.9 years) at surgery. The infection group (n = consisted of four males and four females with a mean age of 12.5 years (range, 11-14 years) and a mean follow-up

of 5.1 year (range, 2.0-12.3 years) at surgery. There were five early and three late wound infections. The presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt before surgery was the only factor statistically associated with an increased risk for wound infection (P < 0.01). In addition, infection was associated with pseudarthrosis (P < 0.01) and an increased length of hospitalization (P < 0.01). The most common causative species was staphylococcus and the majority (88%) of infections required surgical intervention with a mean of 2.1 debridements (range, 1-4 debridements).\n\nConclusions. The presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is a statistically significant risk factor for wound infection after corrective surgery for neuromuscular scoliosis. Wound infection is associated P5091 with pseudarthrosis and prolonged hospitalization.”
“A mathematical model describing the space and time fractional

solidification of fluid initially at its freezing temperature contained in a finite slab under the constant wall temperature is presented. The approximate analytical solution of this problem is obtained by the homotopy perturbation method. The results thus obtained are compared with exact solution of integer order (beta = 1, alpha = 2) and are good agreement. The problem has been studied in detail by considering different order time and space fractional derivatives. The temperature distribution and the moving interface position for different fractional order space and time derivatives are shown graphically. The model and the solution are the generalization of the previous works and include them as special cases. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

RESULTS: Using data from the entire cohort, the most discriminative cut-off values of AMC and ALC selected on the receiver operating characteristic curve were 672.4/mu L and 1734/mu L for DFS and OS. AMLPS risk groups included PLX3397 158 (52.8%) patients in the low-risk, 128 (42.8%) in the intermediate-risk, and 13 (4.3%) in the high-risk group. With a median follow-up of 37.2 mo (range: 1.7-91.4 mo), five-year DFS rates in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups were 83.4%, 78.7%, and 19.8%, respectively. And five-year OS rates in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups were 89.3%, 81.1%,

and 14.4%, respectively. On multivariate analysis performed with patient-and tumor-related factors, we identified AMLPS, age, and pathologic tumor-node-metastasis stage as the most valuable prognostic factors impacting DFS mTOR inhibitor and OS. CONCLUSION: AMLPS identified patients with a poor DFS and OS, and it was independent of age, pathologic stage, and various inflammatory markers.”
“ZnuA is the soluble component of the high-affinity

ZnuABC zinc transporter belonging to the ATP-binding cassette-type periplasmic Zn-binding proteins. The zinc transporter ZnuABC is composed by three proteins: ZnuB, the membrane permease, ZnuC, the ATPase component and ZnuA, the soluble periplasmic metal-binding protein which captures Zn and delivers it to ZnuB.\n\nThe ZnuA protein contains a charged flexible loop, rich in histidines and acidic residues, showing significant species-specific differences. Various studies have established that this loop contributes to the formation of a secondary zinc binding site, which has been proposed to be important in the acquisition of periplasmic Zn for its delivery to ZnuB or for regulation of zinc uptake. Due to its high mobility the structure of the histidine-rich loop has never been solved by X-ray diffraction studies. In this paper, selleck kinase inhibitor through a combined use of molecular modeling, mutagenesis and fluorescence spectroscopy, we confirm the presence of two zinc binding sites characterized by different affinities

for the metal ion and show that the flexibility of the loop is modulated by the binding of the zinc ions to the protein. The data obtained by fluorescence spectroscopy have then be used to validate a 3D model including the unsolved histidine-rich loop. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“In a previous paper we showed that bradykinin (BK), interacting with its B(2) receptor, inhibits proximal tubule Na(+-)ATPase activity but does not change (Na(+) + K(+))ATPase activity. The aim of this paper was to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in B(2)-mediated modulation of proximal tubule Na(+)-ATPase by BK. To abolish B(1) receptor-mediated effects, all experiments were carried out in the presence of (Arg-Pro-ProGly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Leu), des-Arg(9)-[Leu(8)]-BK (DALBK), a specific antagonist of B(1) receptor.

“
“Beneficial antioxidant phytochemicals are found in many medicinal INCB28060 price plants. Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (PP), a well-known Vietnamese traditional medicinal plant inThailand, has long been used in folk medicine for curing inflammatory diseases, often with limited support of scientific research. Therefore, this study aimed to determine

antioxidant and modulation of inflammatory mediators of ethanol and water extracts of PP (EEP and WEP, resp.). WEP had significantly higher phenolic and flavonoid levels and DPPH radical scavenging activity than EEP. However, EEP exhibited greater reducing power than WEP. A greater decrease of tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 macrophage cells was also observed with selleckchem EEP. Modulation of inflammatory mediators of EEP and WEP was evaluated on LPS plus IFN-gamma-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. EEP more potently suppressed LPS plus IFN-gamma-induced nitric oxide (NO) production than WEP. Both EEP and WEP also suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein levels. Collectively, these results suggest that PP possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.”
“Anthelmintic effects of plant

secondary compounds may be occurring in the rumen, but in vitro larvae migration inhibition (LMI) methods using rumen fluid and forage material have not been widely used. Forage material added to an in vitro system can affect rumen pH, ammonia N, and volatile fatty acids, which may affect larvae viability (LV). Validating a LMI assay using rumen fluid and a known anthelmintic drug (Ivermectin) and a known anthelmintic plant extract (Quebracho tannins; QT) is important. Rumen

fluid was collected and pooled from 3 goats, mixed with buffer solution and a treatment (1 jar/treatment), selleck compound and placed into an anaerobic incubator for 16 h. Ensheathed larvae (<3 months old) were then anaerobically incubated with treatment rumen fluid for 2, 4, or 16 h depending on the trial. Larvae (n = 15-45) were then transferred onto a screen (n = 4-6 wells/treatment) within a multi-screen 96-well plate that contained treatment rumen fluid. Larvae were incubated overnight and those that passed through the 20-mu m screen were considered viable. Adding dry or fresh juniper material reduced (P<0.05) pH, ammonia N, and isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids, and increased (P<0.001) acetic, propionic, and total VFA. Including 4.5% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) in rumen fluid mixture with or without forage material reduced (P<0.01) LV. However, LV was similar at all PEG concentrations tested (0-2%, w/v; 89.4, 78.9, 76.5, 75.5, and 77.5% viable). Q tannin concentrations from 0 to 1.2% (w/v) quadratically reduced (P<0.001) LV; 89.4, 65.5, 22.8, and 9.2%. Ivermectin concentrations from 0 to 15 mu g/mL quadratically reduced (P<0.001) LV; 90.2, 82.6, 73.6, 66.3, 51.9, 56.5, 43.

However, the hypervascular nature of such lesions imposes challenges to the surgical treatment. Preoperative embolization for intracranial tumors has been widely used H 89 in an attempt to reduce blood loss, but rarely with choroid plexus tumors.\n\nWe describe the first case of preoperative embolization of choroid plexus papilloma with Onyx via the anterior choroidal artery. The procedure underwent without any complications

and surgical treatment was possible with minimal blood loss.\n\nEmbolization of choroid plexus tumors via anterior choroidal artery is potentially dangerous, but following a meticulous technique, it can be used as a safe and effective preoperative procedure.”
“Aims This aim of this study is to identify the brain mechanisms involved in bladder control. Methods We used fMRI to identify brain regions that are activated during bladder filling. We then used resting state connectivity fMRI (rs-fcMRI) to assess functional connectivity of regions identified by fMRI with the rest of the brain as the bladder is filled to capacity. IWR-1-endo inhibitor Results Female participants (n=20) were between ages 40 and 64 with no significant history of symptomatic urinary incontinence. Main effect of time (MET) fMRI analysis resulted in 20 regions of interest (ROIs) that have significant change in BOLD signal (z=3.25, P smaller than 0.05)

over the course of subtle bladder filling and emptying regardless of full versus empty bladder state. Bladder-state Selleck Dinaciclib by time (BST) fMRI analysis resulted in three ROIs that have significant change in BOLD signal (z=3.25, P smaller than 0.05) over the course of bladder runs comparing full versus empty bladder state. Rs-fcMRI fixed effects analysis identified significant changes in connectivity between full and empty bladder states in seven brain regions (z=4.0) using the three BST ROIs and sixteen brain regions (z=7) using the twenty MET ROIs. Regions identified include medial frontal gyrus, posterior

cingulate (PCC), inferiolateral temporal and post-central gyrus, amygdale, the caudate, inferior parietal lobe as well as anterior and middle cingulate gyrus. Conclusions There is significant and vast changes in the brain’s functional connectivity when bladder is filled suggesting that the central process responsible for the increased control during the full bladder state appears to largely rely on the how distributed brain systems are functionally integrated. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:493-501, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Over 180 non-native species have been introduced in the Laurentian Great Lakes region, many posing threats to native species and ecosystem functioning. One potential pathway for introductions is the commercial bait trade; unknowing or unconcerned anglers commonly release unused bait into aquatic systems.