The highest levels of IL-6 (55.0 pg/ml) and IL-8 (65.9 pg/ml) were detected 2 h after CPB. During surgery, the C3a level rose dramatically (167.1 ng/ml), followed by a release of IL-10 at the end of CPB. Patients with CLS produced a characteristic and significant second peak of C3a at 8 h postoperatively (CLS 63.8 ng/ml vs

non-CLS 23.5 ng/ml; P < 0.01). KU-57788 order We detected an aged-related difference in the release of IL-6 and C3a. Longer intubation time (r = 0.63; P = 0.001), higher inotropic demand (r = 0.67; P = 0.001) and higher serological lactate levels (r = 0.65; P = 0.001) correlated closely with the development of CLS.\n\nCONCLUSION: Diagnostic microdialysis can detect local inflammation and may predict the development of CLS early before severe clinical signs appear.”
“Background: The purpose of rotator cuff repair is to diminish pain and restore function, and this most predictably occurs when the tendon is demonstrated to heal. Recent improvements in repair methods have led to improved biomechanical performance, MK-2206 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor but this has not yet been demonstrated to result in higher healing rates. The purpose of our study was to determine whether different repair methods resulted in different rates of recurrent tearing after surgery.\n\nHypotheses: We hypothesized that (1) the rotator cuff repair method will not affect retear rate, and (2) the surgical approach will not affect the retear rate for a given repair

method.\n\nStudy Design: Systematic review of the literature.\n\nMethods: The literature was systematically searched to find articles reporting imaging study assessment of structural healing rates after rotator cuff repair, with data stratified according to tear size. Retear rates were compared for transosseous (TO), single-row suture anchor (SA), double-row suture anchor (DA),

and suture bridge (SB) repair methods, as well as for open (O), miniopen (MO), and arthroscopic (A) approaches.\n\nResults: Retear rates were available for 1252 repairs collected from 23 studies. Retear rates were significantly lower for double-row repairs when compared with TO or SA for all tears greater than 1 cm and ranged from 7% for tears less than 1 cm to 41% for tears greater than 5 cm, in comparison with retear MK-4827 rates for single-row techniques (TO and SA) of 17% to 69% for tears less than 1 cm and greater than 5 cm, respectively. There was no significant difference in retear rates between TO and SA repair methods or between arthroscopic and nonarthroscopic approaches for any tear size.\n\nConclusion: Double-row repair methods lead to significantly lower retear rates when compared with single-row methods for tears greater than 1 cm. Surgical approach has no significant effect on retear rate.”
“Introduction and objectives: The prevalence of resistant hypertension has recently been reported, but there are no studies on its demography.

n., Palaina alberti sp. n., Palaina flammulata sp. n., Palaina glabella sp. n., Palaina kitteli sp. n., Palaina labeosa sp. n., Palaina parietalis sp. n., Palaina sulcata sp. n., Palaina truncata sp. n., Palaina tuberosissima sp. n.”
“The antimalarial activity and pharmacology of a series of phenylthiazolyl-bearing hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) was evaluated. In in vitro growth inhibition assays approximately 50 analogs were evaluated against four drug check details resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The range of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) was 0.0005 to > 1 mu M. Five analogs exhibited IC(50)s of < 3 nM, and three of these exhibited selectivity indices of > 600.

The most potent compound, WR301801 (YC-2-88) was shown to cause hyperacetylation of P. falciparum histones, which is a marker for HDAC inhibition in eukaryotic cells. The compound also inhibited malarial and mammalian HDAC activity in functional assays at low nanomolar concentrations. WR301801 did not exhibit cures in P. berghei-infected mice at oral doses as high as 640 mg/kg/day for 3 days or in P. falciparum-infected Aotus lemurinus lemurinus monkeys at oral doses of 32 mg/kg/day for 3 days,

despite high relative bioavailability. The failure of monotherapy in mice may be due to a short half-life, since the compound was rapidly hydrolyzed to an inactive acid metabolite AZD8055 ic50 by loss of its hydroxamate group in vitro (half-life of 11 min in mouse microsomes) and in vivo (half-life in mice of 3.5 h after a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg). However, WR301801 exhibited cures in P. berghei-infected mice when combined at doses of 52 mg/kg/day orally with subcurative doses of chloroquine. Next-generation HDACIs with

greater metabolic stability than WR301801 may be useful as antimalarials Akt inhibitor if combined appropriately with conventional antimalarial drugs.”
“Dietary content of phytohormones may potentially influence metabolic processes in animal cells. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effect of two plant growth regulators homobrassinolide (HB) and gibberellic acid (GBA) on the antioxidant defense status and lipid peroxidation level in the tissues of normal and streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Normal and diabetic rats (Albino -wistar strain) were administered 50 mu g HB and GBA intradermally each day for seven days and their tissue and blood levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenol (4-HNE), reduced glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT) activity were determined. Subchronic treatment of rats with HB reduced lipid perioxidation and elevated antioxidant defense whereas GBA caused enhancement of lipid peroxidation and reduction of antioxidant defense in treated animals compared to the control rats.”
“Recently, a phenotypic approach-screens that assess the effects of compounds on cells, tissues, or whole organisms-has been reconsidered and reintroduced as a complementary strategy of a target-based approach for drug discovery.

This unexpected finding demonstrates a role for immune cell signaling in mammary epithelial cell

fate and function.”
“Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients (RTR). Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is considered the prophylactic agent-of-choice. Some patients require an alternative owing to TMP-SMZ intolerance. This is the first evaluation of full-dose atovaquone vs. TMP-SMZ for PCP prevention in RTR. One hundred and eighty-five RTR were evaluated in this single-center, retrospective analysis. Patients received either single-strength TMP-SMZ daily (group I; n = 160) or 1500 mg/d of atovaquone and of a fluoroquinolone for one month (group

II; n = 25). The primary endpoint was the incidence of PCP at 12 months post-transplant. There were OSI-906 cost no cases of PCP in either Birinapant research buy group. There were comparable rates of infections from bacterial pathogens and cytomegalovirus, but rates of BK viremia were significantly higher in group I (22.5%) vs. group II (4%; p = 0.03). The incidence of leukopenia was similar in both groups. Higher mean potassium levels were seen in group I at three months post-transplant but were comparable at all other time points. The need for dose reduction and/or premature discontinuation of therapy secondary to adverse events was more prevalent in TMP-SMZ-treated patients. In our experience, atovaquone appears to be effective in preventing PCP post-renal transplant and also demonstrates good tolerability.”
“Intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation is a common complication of phacoemulsification.

We describe a technique for retrieving a dislocated IOL using 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless pars plana vitrectonny and repositioning the IOL in the ciliary sulcus in cases with adequate capsule support. This technique provides the benefits of sutureless surgery despite the complication of a dislocated IOL.”
“Using first-principles MK-8776 molecular weight density-functional theory calculations, we have investigated the structural, electronic, and dielectric properties, as well as the O vacancy formation in amorphous HfO2. The structural properties of the generated amorphous models were analyzed via the pair correlation functions and the distribution of the atomic coordination number. The PBE0 hybrid density functional was employed for the analysis of the electronic properties and the charge transition levels of the O vacancy in amorphous HfO2. The dielectric and vibrational properties of the generated models were analyzed using the linear response method based on the density functional perturbation theory. According to the generated structural models, the density of a-HfO2 was 8.63 g/cm(3), and the average coordination numbers of O and Hf atom were 3.06 and 6.10, respectively. The electronic band gap of a-HfO2 was predicted to be 5.

3%; p = 0.009) but not in the placebo group (-16.4%; p = 0.32) Conclusion: Treatment for 8 weeks with omega-3 fatty acids resulted in a significant percentage reduction of CRP levels as compared with baseline, a finding not seen with placebo.”
“Coevolution can be seen as the interdependency between evolutionary histories. In the context of protein evolution, functional correlation proteins are ever-present coordinated evolutionary characters without disruption of organismal integrity. As to complex system, there are two forms of proteine-protein interactions in vivo, which refer to inter-complex interaction and intra-complex

interaction. In this paper, we studied the difference of coevolution characters between inter-complex interaction and intra-complex interaction using “”Mirror Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor tree”" method on the respiratory

chain (RC) proteins. We divided the correlation coefficients of every pairwise RC proteins into two groups corresponding to Nepicastat the binary proteine-protein interaction in intra-complex and the binary proteine-protein interaction in inter-complex, respectively. A dramatical discrepancy is detected between the coevolution characters of the two sets of protein interactions (Wilcoxon test, p-value 4.4 x 10(-6)). Our finding reveals some critical information on coevolutionary study and assists the mechanical investigation of proteine-protein interaction. Furthermore, the results also provide PU-H71 concentration some unique clue for supramolecular organization of protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane. More detailed binding sites map and genome information of nuclear encoded RC proteins will be extraordinary valuable for the further mitochondria dynamics study.”
“Objective. Tooth autotransplantation is a useful surgical method to replace a nonrestorable tooth. We reported our experiences in the replacement of mandibular nonrestorable molars by immediate autotransplantation in a Chinese population.

Study design. Thirty-five mandibular third molars with open or closed apices

from 34 patients were autotransplanted into the same or contralateral fresh recipient sites immediately after the extraction of the nonrestorable mandibular molars. Root canal treatment was routinely performed in the closed-apical molars within 1 month after surgery. Clinical and radiographic examination of the transplanted donor molars was done after surgery.

Results. Two teeth were been extracted for progressive root resorption. The remaining 33 autotransplanted teeth were asymptomatic and functioning after a mean follow-up period of 5.2 years. No infection, ankylosis, loss of the transplants, or root resorption was noted in the remaining autotransplanted teeth.

Conclusion. Immediate autotransplantation of the mandibular third molar is a reasonable and alternative treatment to replace a nonrestorable tooth in China.

DESIGN: Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears, routinely examined with-a classical fluorescence microscope, were blindly re-read with both LED systems at 200x magnification. Smears with discordant results were rechecked on all systems at 200x, and 100 randomly chosen smears were read again at 400x. Confirmed presence of AFB with any system was accepted as a true positive.

RESULTS: A total of 1937 smears were examined by all systems. The Fraen and LW detected 895 (46.2%) https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cilengitide-emd-121974-nsc-707544.html and 817 (42.2%) positive and scanty positive smears. After rechecking 201 smears, 15 false-positive and 61 false-negative results were declared for Fraen, against 11 and 135 for LW. The systems had similar false-positive rates

(1.7% for Fraen and 1.4% for PKA inhibitor LW), but differed significantly regarding detection of confirmed microscopy positives (93.5% and 85.6% respectively, P < 0.00001). A high correlation between both LED systems was found at 400x magnification.

CONCLUSIONS: The Fraen LED fluorescence microscopy module performed significantly better than the LW LED at the most

efficient 200x magnification. It was also more appreciated by all users. The LW module may perform equally well at higher magnification.”
“Idiopathic scoliosis can lead to sagittal imbalance. The relationship between thoracic hyper- and hypo-kyphotic segments, vertebral rotation and coronal curve was determined. The effect of segmental sagittal correction by in situ contouring was analyzed.

Pre- and post-operative Ruboxistaurin order radiographs of 54 scoliosis patients (Lenke 1 and 3) were analyzed at 8 years follow-up. Cobb angles and vertebral rotation were determined. Sagittal measurements were: kyphosis T4-T12, T4-T8 and T9-T12, lordosis L1-S1, T12-L2 and L3-S1, pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, sacral slope, T1 and T9 tilt.

Thoracic and lumbar curves were significantly reduced (p = 0.0001). Spino-pelvic parameters, T1 and T9 tilt were not modified. The global T4-T12 kyphosis decreased by 2.1A degrees on average (p = 0.066). Segmental analysis evidenced a significant decrease of T4-T8 hyperkyphosis by 6.6A degrees (p = 0.0001) and an

increase of segmental hypokyphosis T9-T12 by 5.0A degrees (p = 0.0001). Maximal vertebral rotation was located at T7, T8 or T9 and correlated (r = 0.422) with the cranial level of the hypokyphotic zone (p = 0.003). This vertebra or its adjacent levels corresponded to the coronal apex in 79.6 % of thoracic curves.

Lenke 1 and 3 curves can show normal global kyphosis, divided in cranial hyperkyphosis and caudal hypokyphosis. The cranial end of hypokyphosis corresponds to maximal rotation. These vertebrae have most migrated anteriorly and laterally. The sagittal apex between segmental hypo- and hyper-kyphosis corresponds to the coronal thoracic apex. A segmental sagittal imbalance correction is achieved by in situ contouring.

9 +/- 1.3 years) were compared with a benchmark cohort of 1,602 ICD leads (follow-up 3.4 +/- 2.7 years) and assessed for the occurrence of lead failure and cardiac perforation. Results: During follow-up, the yearly lead failure rate of the Sprint Fidelis lead, 7-F Riata lead, 8-F Riata lead, and the benchmark cohort was 3.54%, 2.28%, 0.78%, and 1.14%, respectively. In comparison to the benchmark cohort, Smoothened Agonist mw the adjusted hazard ratio of lead failure was 3.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.45.7, P < 0.001) for the Sprint Fidelis lead and 4.2 (95% CI 1.018.0, P < 0.05) for the 7-F Riata lead. One cardiac perforation was observed (3.3%) in the 7-F Riata group versus none in the 8-F Riata and Sprint

Fidelis lead population. Conclusion: The current update demonstrates that the risk of lead failure during long-term follow-up is significantly increased for both the Sprint Fidelis and the 7-F Riata lead in comparison to the benchmark cohort. Only one cardiac perforation buy ACY-738 occurred. (PACE 2012; 35:652658)”
“Fanconi-Bickel syndrome

(FBS) is a rare inherited disease caused by mutations in the glucose transporter 2 gene, SLC2A2. We reported the first two Chinese cases of FBS. Both cases presented typical clinical features of hepatomegaly, hypophosphatemic rickets, severely stunted growth, fasting hypoglycemia along with postprandial hyperglycemia, and proximal renal tubular dysfunction with disproportionately severe glucosuria. Genetic analysis of SLC2A2 gene revealed novel compound heterozygous mutations in both patients. The characteristics of being born as small for gestational age and apparent liver dysfunction in our cases have been seldom discussed in the literature. It seems FBS patients in general have lower birth weight than normal, but Selleckchem Bcl-2 inhibitor further data collection is still needed. Symptomatic treatments were effective, but the serum transaminase of patient 2 remained moderately increased, and he patient needed further follow-up. The present study will supplement the up-to-date clinical characteristic spectrum for FBS.”
“Glomus jugulare tumours represent a great therapeutic challenge. Previous papers

have documented good results from Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) with these tumours. However, the relationship between clinical improvement and tumour shrinkage has never been assessed.

There were 14 patients, 9 women and 5 men. The mean follow-up period was 28 months (range 6 to 60 months). All the tumours except one were Fisch type D and the mean volume was 14.2 cm(3) (range 3.7-28.4 cm(3)). The mean prescription dose was 13.6 Gy (range 12-16 Gy).

None of the tumours have continued to grow. Eight are smaller and 6 unchanged in volume. Two patients with bruit have had no improvement in their symptoms. Among the other 12 patients, 5 have had symptomatic improvement of dysphagia, 4 in dysphonia, 3 in facial numbness, 3 in ataxia and 2 in tinnitus.

Members of the working group concluded that significant new and relevant research was available for reviewing the existing DRIs for vitamin D while leaving the decision of whether

the new research will result in changes to the current DRIs to a future IOM-convened DRI committee. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 719-27.”
“Pancreatic cancer remains a challenging disease, being the fourth leading cause of death in both men and women in the United States. Patients with pancreatic cancer present with symptoms including jaundice, pruritus, and weight loss, which often herald advanced disease with little chance for curative resection. Multiple imaging modalities are www.selleckchem.com/ALK.html used to diagnose and stage pancreatic cancer. This article discusses the utility of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for diagnosis and staging, and introduces novel EUS-guided therapeutic options for the treatment

of pancreatic cancers. Pfizer Licensed Compound Library mouse EUS-guided fine-needle injection of chemotherapy agents is a promising development in pancreatic tumor treatment.”
“Children with Angelman syndrome have an increased risk of developing a nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Although the urgency to treat nonconvulsive status epilepticus depends on the underlying illness, most clinicians and authors agree that treatment should be focused to rapidly terminate this condition. Until now, the use of levetiracetam to treat nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children is based only on some case reports. Our case further supports this treatment regime for a subgroup of children with a special risk of noncolvulsive status epilepticus and developmental delay.”
“Nutrient reference values have significant public health and policy implications. Given the importance of defining reliable nutrient reference values, there is a need for an explicit, objective, and transparent process to set these values. The Tufts Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center assembled a group of nutrition experts from academic institutions and federal government

agencies, led participants in discussions, conducted exercises in formulating questions and evidence review criteria that would be amenable to systematic reviews of the scientific literature, performed a literature search on the questions to identify potentially relevant publications, and identified challenges and limitations VX-770 datasheet of applying this method to support the development of nutrient reference values using vitamin A as an example. The workgroup concluded that the systematic review approach could be productively used to inform the development of reference values. Challenges identified in this exercise include prioritizing and defining research questions when the volume of literature is large, relying on intermediate (surrogate) outcomes when few or no studies directly linking nutrient intake with clinical outcomes are available, and determining reliable nutrient biomarkers.

Setting and Patients. From March 2007 to February 2009, 150 patients were randomly allocated to verum or sham acupuncture group in a ratio of 1:1. Interventions. Every patient received a verum or sham acupuncture treatment when having a migraine attack and, medications were allowed if the pain failed to be relieved two hours after the acupuncture.

Outcome Measures. The primary outcome was visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain, ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain ever). Results. The mean VAS scores 24 hours after treatment decreased from 5.7 +/- 1.4 to 3.3 +/- 2.5 in the verum acupuncture group, and from 5.4 +/- 1.3 to 4.7 +/- 2.4 in the sham acupuncture group. Significant differences existed between the two groups (P = 0.001). Conclusions. This trial suggested that verum acupuncture group was superior Nutlin-3a concentration to sham acupuncture group on relieving pain and reducing the usage of acute medication.”
“Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound estimated fetal weight (EFW) near viability, and to determine the adequacy of use of EFW in place of birth weight (BWT) for predicting prognosis for infants born near the limit of viability.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of women delivering between 22(0/7) and 25(6/7) weeks gestation (GA) with ultrasound performed within 7 days of delivery. Potentially

relevant clinical Ion Channel Ligand Library order factors were evaluated regarding their impact on accuracy of EFW. Estimated survival based on BWT and EFW, using an National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) algorithm, were compared.

Results: Study included Veliparib inhibitor 93 infants. Mean absolute percent difference (accuracy) of EFW for BWT was 9.4% (95%CI 7.4-11.3). There was no

correlation between EFW accuracy and BWT, GA, maternal age, or BMI. There was a 3% overestimation of BWT per 100 g decrease in BWT (p = 0.001). Race, oligohydramnios, parity, smoking, or previous cesarean did not impact EFW accuracy. Mean predicted survival by the NICHD algorithm was 43.1% using BWT; 43.6% using EFW (p = 0.63). An overestimation of predicted survival (using EFW instead of BWT) greater than 20% was detected in only two cases.

Conclusion: Accuracy is similar to prior studies. Estimated newborn survival based on EFW is similar to that based on BWT.”
“Objective-To determine the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in clinically normal adult Boxers.

Design-Prospective cross-sectional study.

Animals-301 Boxers (181 females and 120 males) > 1 year old with echocardiographically normal systolic function and no history of syncope or congestive heart failure.

Procedures-Physical examination, which included echocardiography, was performed on all dogs. A 24-hour ambulatory ECG was performed on each dog, and results were evaluated to assess ventricular arrhythmias.

The principal finding was that the

stretch response of a chemically permeabilized rabbit psoas fiber could be reproduced with a framework consisting of 300 half-sarcomeres arranged in 6 parallel myofibrils without requiring titin filaments to stiffen in activating solutions. Ablation of inter-myofibrillar links in the computer simulations lowered isometric force values and lowered energy absorption during a stretch. This computed behavior mimics effects GSK3326595 ic50 previously observed in experiments using muscles from desmin-deficient mice in which the connections between Z-disks in adjacent myofibrils are presumably compromised. The current simulations suggest that muscle fibers exhibit emergent properties that reflect interactions between half-sarcomeres and are not properties of a single half-sarcomere in isolation. It is therefore likely that full quantitative understanding of a fiber’s mechanical properties requires detailed analysis of a complete fiber system and cannot be achieved by focusing solely on the properties of a single half-sarcomere.”
“Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for depression. Increased

selleck chemical metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a known predictor for antidepressant response. The authors assessed whether increased theta power within the ACC predicts rTMS response in participants with vascular depression. Sixty-five participants were randomized to active or sham rTMS. Outcome was assessed BLZ945 concentration using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Electroencephalography

was obtained, and comparisons were made among each group with a normative database using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography. Results suggest that vascular depression participants respond well to rTMS and that increased low-theta power in the subgenual ACC predicts response to rTMS. (The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2010; 22:75-84)”
“We present computational simulation and experimental results of ambient air atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization with simultaneous excitation and control of three eigenmodes of a rectangular microcantilever beam. Trimodal characterization combining amplitude and frequency modulation is an enhancement of the capabilities of the AFM technique, which could allow the rapid acquisition of topographical, phase, and frequency shift contrast with a single surface scan at normal scan rates. The results suggest that, in general, the phase and frequency shift contrast are affected similarly but in opposite directions by the tip-sample interactions, although deviations from this trend are often observed in the experiments, such that all available sources of contrast could provide complementary information on surface properties. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.

Cortical perforations did not have any effect on the quantity of regenerated bone. Further research should be directed toward identifying a critical pore size and manufacturing a reliable mesh that would prevent excessive soft tissue ingrowth in ridge augmentation procedures. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac

Surg 67:1218-1225, 2009″
“Photoluminescence (PL) and photostability measurements have been made on thin films containing the 2nd order nonlinear optic chromophore, PYR-3, and amorphous polycarbonate (APC). We find that the PYR-3 singlet excited state PL lifetime systematically decreases with increasing PYR-3 concentration, which may be due to PYR-3 excited state energy transfer to non-radiative decay sites. There is no correlation between the PL lifetime and the photostability BI-D1870 for low optical intensities, and we find that the photobleaching data cannot be modeled with a single photodegradation quantum efficiency. There is an increase in the photostability with increasing optical intensity, and this enhancement is larger for high PYR-3 concentrations. It can be explained by a reduction in the oxygen content by oxygen-mediated photodegradation

for the 5% PYR-3/APC films. This also partly explains the enhancement in the 15% PYR-3/APC films, but there is an additional mechanism as well. The photostability can also be improved by adding beta-carotene, which leads to an enhancement factor of greater www.selleckchem.com/products/pha-848125.html than 6. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3632986]“
“Purpose: Bucladesine purchase To review the responses

of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in different frequency ranges, and characterise the properties of DNA as an antenna.

Materials and methods: We examined published reports of increased stress protein levels and DNA strand breaks due to EMF interactions, both of which are indicative of DNA damage. We also considered antenna properties such as electronic conduction within DNA and its compact structure in the nucleus.

Results: EMF interactions with DNA are similar over a range of non-ionising frequencies, i.e., extremely low frequency (ELF) and radio frequency (RF) ranges. There are similar effects in the ionising range, but the reactions are more complex.

Conclusions: The wide frequency range of interaction with EMF is the functional characteristic of a fractal antenna, and DNA appears to possess the two structural characteristics of fractal antennas, electronic conduction and self symmetry. These properties contribute to greater reactivity of DNA with EMF in the environment, and the DNA damage could account for increases in cancer epidemiology, as well as variations in the rate of chemical evolution in early geologic history.