2) 250 (81.4) 264 (85.7) Serious adverse events 31 (10.1) 32 (10.4) 32 (10.4) Deaths 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 0 (0.0) Withdrawn due to an adverse event 28 (9.1) 37 (12.1) 25 (8.1) Most common adverse events associated with withdrawal  Gastrointestinal disorder 13 (4.2) 21 (6.8) 14 (4.5) Most common adverse events  Arthralgia 33 (10.7) 29 (9.4) 27 (8.8)  Back pain 27 (8.8) 29 (9.4) 29 (9.4)  Nasopharyngitis

24 (7.8) 32 (10.4) 38 (12.3)  Influenza 23 (7.5) 27 (8.8) 25 (8.1)  Urinary tract infection 20 (6.5) 21 (6.8) 22 (7.1)  Diarrhea 19 (6.2) 30 (9.8) 21 (6.8)  Upper abdominal pain 8 (2.6) 11 (3.6) 26 (8.4) Adverse events SBE-��-CD ic50 of special interest  Clinical vertebral fracture see more 1 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 3 (1.0)  Clinical nonvertebral fracture 15 (4.9) 13 (4.2) 20 (6.5)  Upper gastrointestinal tract adverse events 56 (18.2) 59 (19.2) 69 (22.4)  Selected musculoskeletal adverse eventsa 66 (22.1) 67 (21.8) 77 (25.0)  Adverse events potentially associated with acute phase reactionb 4 (1.3) 7 (2.3) 4 (1.3) aIncludes arthralgia, back pain, bone pain, musculoskeletal pain, musculoskeletal

discomfort, myalgia, and neck pain bIncludes symptoms of influenza-like illness or pyrexia with a start date within the first 3 days after the first dose of study drug and duration of 7 days or less Adverse events of special interest for bisphosphonates include clinical fractures, musculoskeletal adverse events, acute phase reactions, and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). Clinical fractures are defined as all non-vertebral fractures and symptomatic, Autophagy Compound Library cell assay radiographically confirmed vertebral fractures that occurred after randomization and were reported as adverse events. Acute phase reactions are defined as influenza-like illness and/or pyrexia starting within 3 days following the first dose of study drug and having duration of 7 days or Meloxicam less. Clinical fracture and musculoskeletal adverse events were reported by similar proportions of

subjects across treatment groups (Table 1). No cases of acute phase reaction or ONJ were reported. Other than the expected small, transient, and asymptomatic decreases in serum calcium seen within the first few weeks of treatment, no clinically important differences or trends were seen across groups for any laboratory parameter measured, including measures of hepatic and renal function, and electrocardiograms during the 2-year study. No histological abnormalities were observed in any of the biopsy specimens, and double tetracycline label was detected in all 45 biopsies. Static and dynamic histomorphometric measurements and bone mineralization parameters were similar across treatment groups (Table 2).

Figure 3 Electrical resistance changes at 150°C with 10 ppm of CO. Electrical resistance changes of the sensor as a function of time for five cycles at 150°C with 10 selleck screening library ppm of CO. Detection of a CO and NH3 gas mixture using carboxylic acid-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Figure 4 demonstrates the time dependence of C-SWCNT resistance when exposed to 10 ppm NH3 gas at 80°C. The increase of the resistance can be explained as the following: since it is known that each NH3 molecule has a lone electron pair that can be donated to other species, therefore, NH3 is a donor gas. When the sensor is exposed to NH3 molecules,

electrons are transferred from NH3 to C-SWCNT. NH3 donates electrons to the valence band of the C-SWCNT, which leads to the increase in electrical resistance of CUDC-907 mw sensors due to the reduced number of hole carriers in the C-SWCNT. The increase in resistance is an evidence that the SWCNT is a p-type semiconductor. Figure 4 Electrical resistance changes at 80°C with 10 ppm of NH

3 . Electrical resistance changes of the sensor as a function of time for five cycles at 80°C with 10 ppm of NH3. Detection of a CO and NH3 gas mixture using carboxylic acid-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. We conducted an experiment to get the response of the mixed gas consisting of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating gases. One gas had a faster response Nitroxoline time and lower sensor response selleck products than the other. In our experiment, CO and NH3 were chosen as gases having a faster response time with weak bonding and faster sensor response with strong bonding, respectively. Previous studies

reported individual detection of CO [6–8, 20] and NH3[14], where these sensors were using C-SWCNT bundle sensing layer, accordingly. As well as introducing mixture-gas detection capability, the C-SWCNT sensor fabricated in our study was more responsive even for individual detection, see Figures 3 and 4. Figure 5 indicates the sensing result of the gas mixture of CO and NH3 at 150°C. Exposure to the gas mixture rapidly decreased and increased the resistance of the C-SWCNT network. Similar behavior had been observed with individual C-SWCNT sensors. Repetitive cycles are observed, and therefore, one cycle will be explored. At point ①, the resistance was decreased due to the initial CO reaction with the surface of the C-SWCNT carboxylic acid group in the gas mixture. As the physical and chemical reactions between NH3 and CO progressed, the resistance was increased gradually in the gas mixture at point ②. Then, at point ③, a sharper increase in the resistance was observed as new gas was produced from the chemical reaction. The decrease of resistance in a cycle may be due to the adsorption of CO, because the response of the CO was faster than that of the NH3 at point ①.

PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions MSS performed molecular cloning techniques, designed the deletion mutant, produced recombinant proteins, participated in the sequence alignment analysis, standardized the IF/FISH assays and has been involved in drafting the manuscript. AMP participated in the production of recombinant proteins, performed in vitro binding assays and has also been involved in drafting the manuscript. RCVS and

CEM obtained native protein extracts and performed Western blots and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. JLSN helped MSS with the cloning strategies, IF/FISH experiments and designed Entospletinib mw the peptide used to generate anti-LaTRF serum. LHFJ collaborated in outlining some experimental strategies and has been involved in the manuscript revision contributing with important intellectual content. MINC coordinated and designed most of the experiments as well as the strategies used in the manuscript, has mentored MSS, AMP, RCVS and CEM, who have also contributed during discussions of the results. MINC critically read and reviewed the manuscript for its publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Biomass-based bioenergy is crucial to meet national goals of making cellulosic ethanol cost-competitive with gasoline. A core challenge in fermenting cellulosic material

to ethanol is the recalcitrance of biomass to breakdown. Severe biomass pretreatments are therefore required to release the Baricitinib sugars, which along with by-products of fermentation can create inhibitors including sugar degradation products such as furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF); Selleck P5091 weak acids such as acetic, formic, and levulinic acids; lignin degradation products such as the substituted phenolics vanillin and lignin monomers [1]. In addition, the metabolic byproducts such as ethanol, lactate, and acetate also influence the fermentation by slowing and potentially stopping the fermentation prematurely.

The increased lag phase and slower growth increases the ethanol cost due to both ethanol production rate and total ethanol yield decreases [2, 3]. One approach to overcome the issue of inhibition caused by pretreatment processes is to remove the inhibitor after pretreatment from the biomass physically or chemically, which requires extra equipment and time leading to increased costs. A second approach utilizes inhibitor tolerant microorganisms for efficient fermentation of lignocellulosic material to ethanol and their utility is considered an industrial requirement [1]. Z. mobilis are Gram-negative selleck chemicals facultative anaerobic bacteria with a number of desirable industrial characteristics, such as high-specific productivity and ethanol yield, unique anaerobic use of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway that results in low cell mass formation, high ethanol tolerance (12%), pH 3.5-7.5 range for ethanol production and has a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status [4–9]. Z.

5% of multinuclear cells, representing an inhibition of 75% (p ≤ 0.05) in

myotube formation (Figure 2A). Figure 2B shows that infected myoblasts kept their alignment capacity. Additionally, infected cultures, after 48 h, presented unaltered fusion of non-parasitized myoblasts. The myogenesis course in this case was maintained as demonstrated by myotube existence (Figure 1B). Figure Selleck CB-839 2 Quantitative analysis of myotube formation Screening Library datasheet percentage during myogenesis in T. gondii infected cultures. (A) In uninfected cultures, after 3 days, the percentage of myotubes was 19.5% while in infected cultures, after 24 h of interaction, this percentage decreased to 2.5%. Note the 75% reduction in the formation of myotubes in infected cultures. Student’s T-test (*) p = 0.0025. (B) Differential interference contrast (DIC) image showing influence of the infection by T. gondii (24 h of interaction) on SkMC myogenesis. Parasite (thick arrows) and unfused myocytes (thin arrows). Detection of cadherin protein in SkMC during infection with T. gondii by immunofluorescence analysis Indirect immunofluorescence assays were performed in order to localize cadherin, an adhesion molecule involved

in homophilic recognition during myoblast and myotube fusion. In SkMC 2-day-old cultures, the myoblasts are still in multiplication and differentiation process. Cadherin is strongly revealed in every cell with higher fluorescence intensity in edges near the membrane and at the point of cell-cell contact (Figure 3A). Apparently, the existence of a single, newly internalized parasite did not lead to any change in the profile

of cadherin STA-9090 in vivo distribution in host cells (Figure 3B), as demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. The same results were maintained during Adenosine the first 3 h of interaction (data not shown). After differentiation, myoblasts revealed cadherin highly concentrated at the cell-cell contact point (Figure 4A). However, this profile was not observed after 24 h of T. gondii infection. Besides disorganization, cadherin appeared in aggregates at different points of the SkMC, including around and inside the parasitophorous vacuole (Figure 4B and 4C – inset). Infected myoblasts showed low or no labeling for cadherin at cell-cell contact point (Figure 4B and inset and C). Even in cultures infected for 36 h, only uninfected cells present strong cadherin expression (Figure 4D). Figure 3 Cadherin localization in primary SkMC cultures. Indirect immunofluorescence assays showing: (A) 2-day-old myoblasts under multiplication and differentiation. Cadherin (in green) is strongly marked in every cell with high concentrations in edges near the membrane and points of cell-cell contact (arrows). (B) apparently, the existence of a single newly internalized parasite (inset) did not lead to any change in the profile of cadherin expression and distribution in host cells (arrow).

Sample preparation and lysis time determination Lysogens PSI-7977 research buy were cultured overnight in LB or minimal salts media (see below) at 30°C on a rolling drum. Stationary phase cultures were diluted 100-fold in LB or minimal salts media, then grown to A550 ~ 0.2. 200 μL of exponentially growing cells were immobilized on a 22 mm square glass coverslip that has been pretreated with 0.01% tissue-culture tested poly-L-lysine (mol. wt. 150 K – 300 K, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at room temperature for 30 min. After assembling the perfusion chamber, the device was immediately placed on the heating platform and infused

with heated medium to maintain the chamber temperature at 30°C for 30 min to stabilize the cells. To induce lysis, the chamber temperature was raised to 42°C for 15 min, and then dropped to 37°C for the duration of the observation period (i.e., until ~95% of cells are lysed). Video recording was initiated at the time when the temperature was raised to 42°C. Under these conditions, it usually takes less than 5 min for the temperature to rise from 30°C to 42°C, a transition comparable to shifting culture flasks from a 30°C to 42°C

waterbath shaker. Some experiments were performed by adding KCN to the growth medium in the sidearm feeder bottle to a final concentration of 20 mM. Videos were subsequently analyzed using Windows Media Player™ Belnacasan purchase playback. The times of individual lysis Ipatasertib chemical structure events were then noted visually and recorded manually. The lysis time was defined as the time SSR128129E from the initiation of the first temperature shift to when the image of the cell disappeared from view. In general, it takes about a few seconds (frames) for lysing cells to fully disappear from view (Figure 1A). Determination

of lysogen growth rate Lysogen growth rate was manipulated by using different growth medium formulations: (i) full-strength LB (10 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract, 10 g NaCl per L dH2O), (ii) one-fifth-strength LB (2 g tryptone, 1 g yeast extract, 10 g NaCl per L dH2O), (iii) 20 mM glucose in Davis minimal salts (7 g K2HPO4, 2 g KH2PO4, 1 g (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 g sodium citrate•2H2O, and 0.2 g MgSO4•7H2O), and (iv) 40 mM glycerol in Davis minimal salts. We assessed the growth of the lysogen strain IN56 by culturing it overnight at 30°C in each growth media. The next day, 90 μL of the overnight culture was used to inoculate 25 mL growth medium and the culture was placed in a 30°C waterbath shaker at 220 rpm. Culture growth was followed with a sipper-equipped spectrophotometer at A550. The growth rate was calculated as the slope of the linear regression of natural-logarithm transformed A550 values over time. Statistical analysis In most cases, data collection for a given strain or treatment spanned several days. Therefore, even for the same lysogen strain or experimental treatment the means and/or variances may be significantly different among data collected from different dates.

In the case of the FCE result showing either a lower or a higher class than the IP judgment, the expectation was that the IP would lower or raise his score on the VAS for that GSK458 chemical structure activity during the second judgment, i.e. a shift of more than 1.2 cm. The judgment was noted as ‘corresponding’ in the cases of no discrepancy in classes between the first VAS score and FCE result, or when a lower FCE classification was followed by a lower classification by the IP on the second VAS score. Likewise, when the FCE classification was higher

and the IP followed this classification by a raised judgment on the second VAS score, this was noted as ‘corresponding’. Finally, we calculated the total numbers of LY294002 corresponding outcomes. SB202190 mouse Hereby, we noted the numbers of corresponding outcomes in which the IP did not change his judgment, and the numbers

of corresponding outcomes in which the IP raised or lowered his judgment on the second VAS. In all these cases, the second VAS score of the IP was in line with the result of the FCE assessment. The other cases, in which the second VAS score of the IP was not in line with the FCE assessment, were noted as ‘not-corresponding’. For these ‘not-corresponding’ outcomes, also the direction of the difference between the expected second VAS score and the actual second VAS score was noted. By using this method, it was possible to compare a total number of 297 activities (27 IPs and 11 activities). The scoring and analysis were performed independently by the first two authors (HW and VG). Any disagreements that remained after discussion were resolved by consulting a third researcher. mafosfamide The statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 13. Results Insurance physicians Fifty-four IPs were willing to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form, response rate of 54%. The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of the IPs was

47 ± 7 years, and 56% of the IPs were male. They had 15 ± 7 years of experience in work-ability assessments. Fifteen of the IPs were familiar with FCE assessments. From 27 IPs, claimants entered the study. From the other 27 IPs, no claimants were included. These two groups of IPs did not significantly differ from each other in age, gender, and work experience. Only the Chi-square test for familiarity with FCE of the IP and the participation of claimants from that IP in the study showed a significant difference, viz. that claimants from IPs who were, preceding the study, familiar with FCE participated more often than claimants from IPs who were not familiar with FCE. In the group of IPs from whom patients were included in the study, there was no difference in the mean number of changed judgments between the first and second assessment of the physical work ability between the IPs who were familiar with FCE and the IPs who were not familiar with FCE.

For both LTQ/ETD and LTQ/Orbitrap experiments, dynamic exclusion was used with one repeat count, 35s repeat duration, and 40s exclusion duration. All samples were analyzed in random order, in order to eliminate quantitative false-positives arising from peptide degradation check details and analytical artifacts such as possible drift in nano-LC or MS performance. Protein identification and quantification Peptide/protein identification was first performed with BioWorks 3.3.1 embedded

with Sequest (Thermo Scientific), against the genome sequence of H. influenzae strain 11P6H in the form of 53 contigs.The precursor mass tolerances were 10 ppm and 1.5 mass units, respectively, for Orbitrap and LTQ; the mass

tolerance for the fragments of both CID and ETD was 1.0 unit. A stringent set of score filters was employed. Correlation score (Xcorr) criteria were as follows: ≥4 for quadruply-charged (4+) and higher charge states, ≥3 for 3+ ions, ≥2.2 for 2+ ions, and ≥1.7 for 1+ ions. The CID results were further analyzed using Scaffold 2 proteome software (Portland, Selleck Alpelisib OR) which integrates both Protein Prophet and Peptide Prophet: additional criteria were that two unique peptides must be identified independently for each protein, the peptide probability must be 95% or higher, and the protein probability must be 99% or higher.For ETD spectra, a final score (Sf) of 0.85 was required for each identification. A commercial label-free quantification package, Sieve (Fiona build, v. 1.2, Thermofisher Scientific), was used for comparing relative abundance of peptides and proteins between the control and experimental groups. Briefly, the chromatographic peaks detected by Orbitrap were aligned and the peptide peaks were detected with a minimum signal intensity of 2×105; peptide extracted ion current (XIC) peaks were matched by their retention time (± 1 min after peak alignment) and mass (± 0.025 unit) among sample runs. Each subset

of matched peaks was termed a “”frame”".The area under the curve (AUC) of each matched peptide within a frame was calculated and compared to the corresponding peak Glutathione peroxidase in the control sample. Fisher’s combined probability test was performed to determine whether there was any significant difference in peptide buy EVP4593 abundances between the two experimental groups. Relative abundance of an individual protein was calculated as the mean AUC ratio for all peptides derived from that protein. All proteins differing significantly between the two groups were confirmed by a stringent manual inspection of the fragmentation spectra and the XIC of the ions within a 3-min elution window. Acknowledgements This work was supported by NIH grant AI 19641 (TFM) and the Department of Veterans Affairs.

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P, Eriksen M, Udesen C: The bacterial Sm-like protein Hfq: a key player in RNA transactions. Mol Microbiol 2004,51(6):1525–1533.PubMedCrossRef 19. Kalnenieks U, Galinina N, Toma MM, Pickford JL, Rutkis R, Poole RK: Respiratory behaviour of a Zymomonas mobilis adhB::kan(r) mutant supports the hypothesis of two alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes catalysing opposite reactions. FEBS letters 2006,580(21):5084–5088.PubMedCrossRef 20. Kalnenieks U, Galinina N, Strazdina I, Kravale Z, Pickford JL, Rutkis R, Poole RK: NADH dehydrogenase deficiency results in low respiration rate and improved Vactosertib in vivo aerobic growth of Zymomonas mobilis. Microbiology (Reading, England) 2008,154(Pt 3):989–994.CrossRef 21. Kannan R, Mukundan G, Ait-Abdelkader N, Augier-Magro V, Baratti J, Gunasekaran P: Molecular cloning and characterization PLX-4720 concentration of the extracellular sucrase gene ( sacC ) of Zymomonas mobilis . Arch Microbiol 1995,163(3):195–204.PubMedCrossRef 22. Strzelecki AT, Goodman AE, Rogers PL: Behavior of the IncW plasmid Sa in Zymomonas mobilis . Plasmid 1987,18(1):46–53.PubMedCrossRef 23. Yang S, Pappas KM, Hauser LJ,

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In order to diagnose and treat disease at an early and reversible stage one needs to describe the commensal microbiome associated with health. For example, understanding changes in the oral microbiome at the early stages of periodontitis and dental caries, the most prevalent chronic oral diseases, would allow diagnosis and treatment before the appearance of periodontal pockets or dental hard tissue loss. Recent advances in sequencing technology, such as 454 pyrosequencing provides hundreds of thousands of nucleotide sequences at a fraction of the cost of selleck traditional methods [3].

This deep sequencing has revealed an unexpectedly high diversity of the human oral microbiome: dental plaque pooled from 98 healthy adults comprised about 10000 microbial phylotypes [4]. This is an order of magnitude higher than previously reported 700 oral microbial phylotypes as identified by cultivation or traditional cloning and sequencing [5]. Moreover, GSK126 by pooling about 100 individual microbiomes and pyrosequencing

these, the ecosystem still appeared undersampled: the ultimate diversity of the oral microbiome was estimated to be around 25000 phylotypes [4]. If “”everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects”" [6], then a healthy oral microbiome should be dominated by a “”core microbiome”" characteristic for health. These abundant phylotypes would maintain the functional stability and homeostasis

necessary for a healthy ecosystem. To date though, there is no information available on how many of the 25000 phylotypes [4] actually contribute to a single oral cavity and how common or exclusive individual oral microbiomes of unrelated healthy individuals are. MTMR9 The oral cavity differs from all other human microbial habitats by the simultaneous presence of two types of surfaces for microbial colonization: shedding (mucosa) and solid surfaces (teeth or dentures). This intrinsic property of the oral cavity provides immense possibilities for a diverse range of microbiota. Once the symbiotic balance between the host and the selleckchem microbiota is lost, these microbiota may become involved in disease. For instance, the tongue, with its mucosal ‘crypts’ which allow anaerobic microbiota to flourish, is an established source of halitosis [7]. Approximal (adjoining) surfaces between adjacent teeth have limited access to fluorides and saliva, and therefore have a predilection for dental caries [8]. To gather as complete information as possible on the healthy oral microbiome, microbial samples should be obtained from various ecological niches throughout the oral cavity.

Hence, the problem may not only be what highly educated women do as regards (overtime) work and care, but also what they do not as regards leisure. This draws attention to recovery opportunities, defined as situational characteristics that allow recuperation from work and are considered to be a sub-dimension of job control (Van Veldhoven and Sluiter 2009). Off-the-job recovery time can be leisure time or vacation, and our finding that working fewer hours protects

women from even higher NFR indicates the influence of such factors. Finally, gender differences may also exist in on-the-job recovery time such as rest breaks, beginning or ending time, or being able to disrupt the work at will. In a recent https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-6258.html study, among three different samples, including health care workers, on-the-job recovery opportunities explained NFR, whereas job control did not (Van Veldhoven and Sluiter 2009). Besides, gender differences may also exist in on-the-job recovery

opportunities as regards unpaid work. Education differences among female employees Our model almost completely explained differences in fatigue between women of different education 4SC-202 levels. Particularly, highly educated women work more often under time pressure and face higher emotional demands. The role of time P505-15 chemical structure pressure in fatigue is in line with the JD-C model (Karasek and Theorell 1990). Highly educated women’s better health status compared with lower educated women partly protects them from fatigue. Age differences among highly

educated female employees Health also plays a role in the comparison between age groups. Compared with their younger counterparts, highly educated older women’s high NFR is mainly explained by their lower health ratings, and additionally by working more as teachers and working more often under time pressure. Age differences between highly educated women are well explained by our model. The adverse working conditions that older women 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase face may be related to the fact that they work more often in the education sector (16.3 vs. 36.2%). Possibly, younger women have more options as regards occupational choices than their older counterparts who may have been tracked into education. Limitations and strengths to the study Our study is representative for Dutch employees, but may not generalize to other countries because of the high part-time work rates in the Netherlands (Visser 2002). A double burden of work and care may exist in other countries, where traditional roles are largely intact at home, while women participate full-time in the labor market, such as in the United States. Furthermore, we did not include how the respondents experience their work–life balance, and whether gender equality exists as regards domestic work.