Secondly, because levels of mindfulness and depressive symptoms were assessed at different points in time, interpretation of our findings rests on the assumption that FFMQ scores remained stable and that they were unaffected by prior symptoms of depression. There is currently no information available on the test-retest reliability of the FFMQ. However, there is evidence that other mindfulness questionnaires,

which provided items for the FFMQ, show good test-retest reliability (Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills; Baer et al., 2004, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; Brown & Ryan, 2003) and it seems plausible to assume that the FFMQ is likely to perform similarly to its constituent measures. Thirdly, it is not possible to rule out effects Selleck BTK inhibitor of unassessed third variables that might have impacted on the observed relations and, indeed, it is quite plausible that the observed relations are carried by more proximal variables that are known to mediate the relation between neuroticism and depressive symptoms such as rumination or cognitive reactivity (Barnhofer & Chittka, 2010). In the absence of baseline measures of depression it is

not possible www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-888.html to estimate in how far the observed relations between neuroticism and later depression were carried by persisting levels of depression. Fourthly, because symptoms of depression and trait mindfulness were assessed at points of time one year apart it is possible that levels of mindfulness Tangeritin might have changed as a response to prior depression.

However, we were able to rule out influences of meditation practice as none of the participants had engaged in mindfulness meditation or received mindfulness-based therapy for relapse prevention and engagement in other meditation practices did not affect the observed relations. Despite these limitations the current findings provide a number of insights. Moderating effects of mindfulness on the translation of temperamental risk into negative emotional outcomes are interesting from a clinical point of view given the very different nature of the constructs involved. Whereas neuroticism mainly reflects negative emotional sensitivity and reactivity, dispositional mindfulness indexes attentional skills and attitudes guiding the way in which individuals relate to inner experience. The relations found here are therefore unlikely to be due simply to conceptual overlap between constructs and speak directly to how training of attentional processes may influence the effects of temperamental vulnerabilities. The results of analyzes on the effects of different facets of mindfulness skills only approached significance and can only be interpreted with great caution perhaps serving as pointers for future research to be conducted. They suggest Describing to be the most relevant of mindfulness skills in the moderation of neuroticism outcomes.

Polecać Vorinostat mouse też można ryby atlantyckie, ale i tak ich spożycie jest ograniczane do 1 dnia w tygodniu [36]. Suplementy LC-PUFA n-3 wytwarzane są przede wszystkim z oleju pozyskiwanego z ryb morskich. Należy zwrócić uwagę, że suplementy zawierające olej z wątroby rekina nie są źródłem LC-PUFA n-3, a prawie wyłącznie alkilogliceroli. Nowymi źródłami LC-PUFA n-3 są oleje pochodzące z alg morskich, np. Crypthecodinium cohnie i Schizochytrium sp. Europejski Urząd ds. Bezpieczeństwa Żywności potwierdził bezpieczeństwo ich stosowania. W przypadku suplementów zawierających wielonienasycone kwasy

Zalecenia Ograniczenia dodatkowej suplementacji kwasami omega-3 dla niemowląt dotyczą podaży kwasu EPA (eikozapentaenowego), który poprzez konkurencję z kwasem ARA (arachidonowym) może prowadzić do zaburzenia wzrastania. Takiego działania nie wykazuje DHA. Bezpieczeństwo stosowania DHA wykazano w licznych badaniach na zróżnicowanych populacjach osób chorych i zdrowych. Stanowisko Polskiej Grupy Ekspertów w sprawie suplementacji kwasu dokozaheksaenowego i innych kwasów tłuszczowych omega-3 przedstawiono w tabeli I. Eksperci zwracają uwagę na szczególną rolę kwasu dokozaheksaenowego w suplementacji omawianych grup docelowych, głównie w odniesieniu do rozwoju psychoruchowego niemowląt. Jako źródła kwasów tłuszczowych omega-3 eksperci wymieniają ryby, pokarm matki, suplementowane

mieszanki dla Palbociclib research buy niemowląt oraz suplementy diety. Należy brać pod uwagę ryzyko zanieczyszczenia ryb morskich w żywieniu omawianych grup docelowych, co wymaga odpowiedniego zwrócenia uwagi na jakość spożywanych why ryb. Rodzaj współpracy ekspertów z przemysłem farmaceutycznym i spożywczym. “
“Stosowanie antybiotyków związane jest z występowaniem różnych objawów ubocznych i powikłań, między innymi ze strony przewodu pokarmowego. Jednym z najczęstszych powikłań antybiotykoterapii jest biegunka,

którą można rozpoznać, jeśli pacjent oddaje stolce częściej niż zwykle i/lub o zmienionej (luźniejszej) konsystencji, a objawów nie można wytłumaczyć w inny sposób niż stosowaniem antybiotykoterapii [1]. Częstość występowania biegunki związanej z antybiotykoterapią szacuje się na 5–39% dorosłych stosujących antybiotyki oraz 11–40% dzieci 2., 3., 4. and 5.. Objawy mogą wystąpić w czasie podawania antybiotyku, ale również od kilku dni do 6 tygodni od rozpoczęcia antybiotykoterapii. Patomechanizm biegunki związanej z antybiotykoterapią nie jest do końca wyjaśniony. Bierze się pod uwagę kilka czynników. Najważniejszym wydaje się zmiana ekosystemu przewodu pokarmowego, spowodowana niszczeniem prawidłowej mikroflory jelitowej i namnażaniem się Clostridium difficile 6., 7. and 8., jak również innych patogennych bakterii, takich jak Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida spp., Klebsiella oxytoca, Salmonella spp. 9., 10., 11. and 12.

e. postural ET versus intention ET (Hua and Lenz, 2005). Times of occurrence of action potentials were digitized at a clock rate of 1000 Hz and EMG signals were digitized at a GSK-3 beta phosphorylation rate of 200 Hz and processed, as described below. When data was recorded in digital form, spike train signals were analyzed post-operatively using Spike2 software (CED, Cambridge, UK) that allowed for template-matching of waveforms.

We had data epochs that were long enough to be analyzed by a standard spectral analysis technique, rather than by a multi-taper technique, which would have been appropriate for shorter epochs (Percival and Walden, 1993). The thalamic and EMG signals were analyzed in the frequency domain. The EMG signal was band-pass filtered to eliminate movement artifact then full wave rectified and filtered at 20 Hz to produce a signal known as the demodulated selleck kinase inhibitor EMG (Hua and Lenz, 2005). The spike train was first converted into an equivalent analog signal; thereafter standard techniques were used to take the spectrum of the spike and EMG signals (Bendat and Piersol, 1976, French and Holden, 1971 and Hua and Lenz, 2005). The concentration

of the power of the neuronal signal in the tremor frequency range, and the cross-correlation of the neuronal signal to EMG signals were measures of the extent to which the neuronal signal reflected the tremor signal. The coherence function was used as a measure of the probability that any two signals were linearly related. The coherence has a value of zero if the two signals are completely unrelated and one if there is a perfect linear relationship between the signals at a particular frequency. By the technique used in the present study, a coherence of greater than 0.42 indicated that two signals were linearly related at the level

of P<0.05 ( Hua and Lenz, 2005). Phase was calculated by standard techniques for epochs of neuronal and EMG signals in which the coherence demonstrated a significant linear relationship. A negative phase in the spike×EMG cross-correlation function indicated that the spike train had a phase lead with respect to the EMG signal. MRIP Statistical testing of parametric data was carried out using a 1-way ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey HSD test (Honestly Significant Difference), or Newman–Keuls test. Testing of non-parametric data was carried out using Chi square or Fisher exact test, as appropriate. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health – National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS38493 to FAL). None of the authors has conflicts of interest related to this work. We thank L.H. Rowland and J. Winberry for excellent technical assistance. “
“The medial amygdaloid nucleus (Me) integrates chemosensory signals from the vomeronasal and main olfactory systems with gonadal steroid hormone cues (Canteras et al.

In 2006 the population of E. anonyx in the Gulf

of Gdańsk included specimens representing all developmental stages. Parthenogenetic females were collected most frequently, during most of the study period, whereas gamogenetic females and males were found only in August. According to Mordukhai-Boltovskoi (1995), E. anonyx and other Caspian cladocerans reproduce rapidly by parthenogenesis during summer. The dominance of parthenogenetic females of E. anonyx was also observed by Põllupüü et al. (2008) and Rodionova & Panov (2006). In the Gulf of Gdańsk, there Sotrastaurin research buy were 2–9 eggs in the brood chambers of parthenogenetic females and 2 in the brood chambers of gamogenetic females. Rodionova & Panov (2006) and Põllupüü et al. (2008) reported that the parthenogenetic fecundity for this species was 1–9 eggs/embryos and that the gamogenetic fecundity was 1–2 resting eggs. With respect to the mean body length and height of this new cladoceran in the Gulf of Gdańsk, the males were the smallest (L – 0.64 mm, H – 0.39 mm) and ICG-001 cost gamogenetic females were the largest (L

– 1.16 mm, H – 0.77 mm). These data are comparable with those of Rodionova & Panov (2006), but the body heights stated in that paper were greater than the body lengths, which conflicts with the body proportions we found for E. anonyx. Presumably, lengths and heights were accidentally switched in Rodionova & Panov (2006). If this assumption is correct, then E. anonyx from the Gulf of Gdańsk is morphologically similar to its conspecifics from the Gulf of Finland, except for the smaller size of males collected in the Gulf of Gdańsk. However, one should bear in mind that the biometric data for E. anonyx from the Gulf of Gdańsk are still rather sparse as only 36 individuals were measured. Because of the relatively low biodiversity in the Baltic Sea, alien species can probably colonise

relatively unsaturated ecological niches rather easily. Many successful invasions have been observed there and some of their effects have been described (Leppäkoski Methocarbamol et al., 2002, Ojaveer et al., 2004, Orlova et al., 2006 and Põllupüü et al., 2008). Since invasions of alien species to the Baltic Sea are a widespread phenomenon, there is an urgent need for the systematic and comprehensive monitoring of the Baltic Sea environment. This is especially crucial in the case of newly introduced species, such as E. anonyx, which require further investigation. Põllupüü et al. (2008) consider that, because of its high reproductive potential, E. anonyx could in the future make up a substantial proportion of the diet of planktivorous fish. On the other hand, Rodionova & Panov (2006) suggest that E. anonyx could mimic the invasion of the Great Lakes of North America by Cercopagis pengoi. We believe it is only a question of time before E. anonyx starts to expand its range of occurrence. The appearance of an E.

Such precipitate can be washed extensively to remove other proteins, the protein bound is ultimately Daporinad released by acid denaturation (e.g. 1 M glycine

pH 2.3) and the released molecule is subjected to tryptic digestion and MRM-based quantification. The central nervous system CNS is a high structural organ with different anatomic regions for both the brain and the spinal cord. Due to the molecular complexity of biological systems there is a need for molecularly specific tools to study proteomic distribution spatially and temporally. In the biomedical and clinical areas, this is often achieved by imaging scans (such as MRI, CT and PET scans). These techniques are used to detect compounds with high concentrations and do not provide an overview of the unknown compounds. The study of protein distribution directly in tissue by IMS will allow us to gain more extensive view of the biological processes and interactions. To study a certain neuroprotein or biomarker by mass spectrometry, it is not only advantageous to identify the presence of biomarkers but also to obtain 2D and even selleck 3D localization (spatial information) in the tissue. The first applications of IMS were by Caprioli and

colleagues [59] and [60]. For these analytes range in size from small molecules to peptides and proteins (less than 30 kDa, generally) [61]. More recently, identification of proteins directly from tissue using in situ tryptic digestion coupled with IMS

has also been reported [62]. In IMS, a 2-D image is generated by rastering the tissue section with a laser beam in an X, Y direction, collecting data from thousands of points. Thus, each spot contains a unique mass spectrum from the rastered point. The intensity of each m/z value versus the X, Y position generates a 2-D ion density map. MSI thus preserves the spatial distribution of molecules within the tissue. Sample preparation in MSI is a critical step for generating ioxilan high quality data and images. The surgically removed organ is flash frozen by gentle submersion in liquid nitrogen. Flash-frozen tissue can then be stored at −80 °C for at least a year with little degradation [63]. Tissue sectioning is performed in a cryostat chamber held between −5 °C and −25 °C. The tissue is held on the mounting stage by adding a few drops of HPLC grade water [64]. The low temperature of the cryostat causes the water droplets to freeze thus holding the tissue in place on the mounting stage. Use of optimal cutting temperature polymer (OCT), used as embedding medium while sectioning the tissue should be avoided, as OCT has been reported to suppress analyte ion formation in MALDI-MS studies [63]. The frozen tissue is sliced into thin sections (10–20 μm thickness) and thaw-mounted on to MALDI stainless steel plate or conductive glass slide. Analysis of proteins or peptides requires washing with organic solvents prior to coating with the matrix.

In previous studies, more cases were observed among male patients – also in our material selleckchem the sex ratio (M/F) was 1.44, similar results were obtained by French researchers (ratio 1.45) [10]. British authors also observed more cases of Campylobacter among male population, but this superiority was small – sex ratio was 1.14 (data also apply to adults) [11]. From many years, symptoms which occur in Campylobacter infections are well known – Blaster already in 1979 described the most frequent common symptoms of campylobacteriosis, such as the diarrhea, abdominal pain, blood in the stool and fever [5] and [17]. Also,

in our study, diarrhea occurred in 90.1% of children, watery stools in 53.5%, and diarrhea with blood in 45%. Other Polish and foreign authors associated the diarrhea with Campylobacter infection similarly often [7] and [8]. However, Pytrus in his study drew attention to the group of patients with normal stools, hospitalized due to other ailments of the digestive tract, in whom bacteria of Campylobacter genus was cultured in feces inoculation [14]. Blood in the stool occurred Ku-0059436 cell line almost in half of observed children with Campylobacter infection, significantly more often in children at the age under 1 year. Similar results were

obtained by other Polish researchers [8] and [14]. However, in the collective study for the year 2010 presence of the blood in the stool was reported in a smaller group of children – 38% [7]. In our observed group of children other symptoms in the

form of vomiting and fever occurred, what was consistent with other studies [7] and [8]. American researchers point out that the abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever are the most common symptoms of bacterial gastrointestinal infections [13]. According to Gillespie, these are also the most common symptoms of Campylobacter infection. However, in England and Wales the presence of the blood in the stool was observed in 28.5% of children Dichloromethane dehalogenase with C. jejuni infection, it was also noted that blood in the stool and vomiting often occurred in infants and children at the age up to 4 years, which is consistent with our results [16]. Coexistence of Campylobacteriosis with other gastrointestinal infections is rarely described in the literature. In our analyzed material, in 31% of children Campylobacter infection was accompanied by other gastrointestinal infections. Most often it was the rotavirus infection (50%) and enteropathogenic strains of E. coli (45.4%); in one child in the feces inoculation also Salmonella type C was cultured. Similar incidence (35%) of the co-occurrence of campylobacteriosis with other gastrointestinal infections Wardak described. In this analyzed group of children the most common associated infections was the Rotavirus infection – 65%, salmonellosis was diagnosed in 25% of children, but much less frequently than among our patients the infection with enteropathogenic strains of E. coli occurred [8].

So to summarize, check details to which extent EVs contain truly distinct types of vesicles requires further investigation, and at present no tools are available to purify a single type or population of vesicle based on size or density.3 EVs expose tissue/cell type-specific marker proteins of their parent cell.[3], [4] and [44] When a sufficient number of such marker proteins are exposed, the cellular origin of a vesicle can be determined

by e.g. flow cytometry using antibodies directed against such marker proteins. This is illustrated in Table 2, in which a shortlist of commonly used marker proteins is summarized for analysis of vesicles in human blood (CD: cluster of differentiation). The numbers, cellular origin, composition and functional properties of EVs are not only disease (state) dependent, but also depend on the body fluids being studied. The major populations of EVs in a body fluid usually reflect the cells that are present in that particular body fluid and that surround the body fluid. Examples of the latter are vesicles from synoviocytes which are present in joint (synovial) fluid, and vesicles from endothelial cells (ECs) in blood. We will briefly summarize the cellular origin presence of EVs in blood, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal and synovial fluids in the following paragraphs. In peripheral blood of a healthy subject, platelets and erythrocytes

are the major sources of EVs, but in certain disease states such as sepsis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), or cancer, also MVs from monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, ECs, and cancer cells can be present.45 Peripheral blood also contains exosomes,46 although the cellular www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html origin of these vesicles is unknown. Urine of healthy humans and amniotic fluid both

contain significant numbers of exosomes or exosome-like vesicles.47 These exosomes expose CD24 and aquaporin-2, therefore, are likely to originate from kidney cells48 and from epithelial cells PAK6 facing the renal tubule lumen.49 Urine contains also larger vesicles, but thus far the characterization of these two types of vesicles in urine has been problematic.50 In saliva from healthy individuals, the larger vesicles, MVs, are derived mainly from epithelial cells and granulocytes, whereas the smaller vesicles, i.e. exosomes or vesicles resembling exosomes, are mainly from epithelial cell origin.51 Cerebrospinal fluid also contains EVs.52 In vitro, various types of brain cells such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and neurons release exosomes.53 The source of the EVs in cerebrospinal fluid, however, is presently unknown. Synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and patients with other types of arthritis contain MVs.[18] and [54] Most of these MVs originate from cells associated with inflammation, such as monocytes and granulocytes. In addition, synovial fluid also contains vesicles from synovial fibroblasts.55 Taken together, every body fluid has a clearly distinct vesicle profile.

The authors declare that they have no other competing interests. B.O. contributed

with the majority of the writing of this manuscript. Remaining authors N.O., J.S., G.F., M.L., and T.R. contributed with additional writing and editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. “
“Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth most common cancer worldwide and the sixth leading cause of death from cancer [1]. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) comprises about 80% of all ECs worldwide [2]. In China, SCC is the most common pathologic type of ECs, in contrast to the predominance of adenocarcinoma in the Western countries [3] and [4]. There are important biologic differences between China and Western countries regarding ECs; therefore, a prognostic study that takes into account SCC in China is necessary. Recently, systemic inflammatory SP600125 response plays an important role in the progression of cancer [5] and [6]. Previous studies have shown that serum C-reactive protein (CRP) influenced the prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal cancers [7]. Moreover, the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) combines serum CRP and hypoalbuminemia and has been demonstrated to be a predictive factor in various cancers, including ECs [8], [9] and [10]. In addition, there is an increasing evidence that platelet count and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can be used

for prognostication in several cancers [11] and [12]. Recently, Ishizuka et al. [13] evaluated a Selleckchem Obeticholic Acid novel inflammation-based prognostic system, termed as the combination of platelet count and NLR (COP-NLR). They demonstrated that COP-NLR is a useful predictor of postoperative survival in patients with colorectal cancer [13]. However, to the best

of our knowledge, no studies regarding COP-NLR in patients with EC are available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the Rho prognostic values of COP-NLR and GPS in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). From January 2006 to December 2008, a retrospective analysis was conducted in 375 patients with ESCC who underwent curative esophagectomy at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. All of the patients included in the analysis fit the following criteria: 1) ESCC confirmed by histopathology, 2) surgery with curative esophagectomy, 3) at least six lymph nodes were examined for pathologic diagnosis, and 4) surgery was neither preceded nor followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. On the basis of the medical records, the following data were collected for each patient: age, gender, laboratory examination, differentiation, tumor length and location, depth of invasion, nodal metastasis, and other miscellaneous characteristics. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committees of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital.

The TAcalc minimum values in the SEC and NEC occur in March–April and in October–November, respectively, following the summer months of maximum precipitation (Bingham et al., 2010) and corresponding to the months of weakest transport (Philander et al., 1987) of higher TA waters from the east. The annual mean distribution

of calculated TCO2 (Fig. 5) is similar to that of TA, with a mean value of 1970 μmol kg− 1 Bleomycin molecular weight for the region. Values of TCO2 above the annual mean are found in the SEC, in the South Sub-Tropical Counter Current (SSTCC), and in the north and south subtropical gyres. Values of TCO2 below the mean are found in the NSTCC, in the SECC, and in the NECC. The TCO2 seasonal amplitude in the SECC and NECC waters (< 30 μmol kg− 1) is less than in the subtropical gyres, SEC, and NEC (> 30 μmol kg− 1). Normalized values of calculated TCO2 from Fig. 5 (NTCO2 = TCO2 × 35 / SAL) give a mean value of 1965 ± 23 μmol kg− 1 (n = 3708),

similar to the mean for discrete measurements of 1962 ± 27 μmol kg− 1 (n = 908). The deviations from the mean NTCO2 are > 23 μmol kg− 1 compared to NTA of up to 6 μmol kg− 1 due to air–sea exchange, biological production, and upwelling having a greater influence on TCO2 than TA. For example, values of NTCO2 along the equator and east of 170°W are greater than the mean value of 1965 μmol kg− 1 due to the upwelling of waters in the central and eastern Pacific that are relatively enriched in TCO2. The controls on the TCO2 distributions are discussed in more detail below. Monthly TCO2 changes due to sea–air exchange (SA) are Phosphoprotein phosphatase estimated NVP-LDE225 using the CO2 sea–air flux climatology (F) from Takahashi et al. (2010), the mixed layer depth climatology (MLD) from De Boyer Montégut et al. (2004), and the calculated seawater density ρ from in situ SST and SAL such that ΔNTCO2(SA) = F / (MLD × ρ). Negative ΔNTCO2(SA) values indicate net uptake of CO2 by surface waters. The median monthly change in NTCO2(SA) is − 0.2 μmol kg− 1 over the entire study area. In the equatorial band and east of the dateline, the annual mean change in NTCO2(SA) is + 2 ± 1 μmol kg− 1, meaning a source of CO2. In the

counter currents and in the western tropical Pacific Warm Pool, variability in NTCO2(SA) was small. In the southern subtropical waters, the variability in NTCO2(SA) is moderate as the annual mean is − 2 ± 1 μmol kg− 1. This means that the south subtropical waters are a sink over the entire year. The Northern Subtropical waters are a moderate source of CO2 in the boreal summer months with a negative NTCO2(SA). The calculated NTCO2(SA) for this region is − 2 ± 3 μmol kg− 1, in close agreement with Ishii et al. (2001). This indicates the region shifts from a sink in summer to a winter source. The results suggest that sea–air gas exchange may have a moderate effect on the annual change in NTCO2 in the equatorial band to the east of the Dateline, and in the North and South subtropical waters of our study area.

Initial data collection took place in 2006 for nine fisheries that transitioned before 2007. In addition, interviews were conducted with 41 stakeholders, including fishermen, processors, conservationists, government personnel, and industry representatives.

selleck compound These preliminary findings were compiled in a previous, unpublished draft of this paper in 2007 pending additional data collection. Since 2007, the US’s experience with catch shares has grown considerably. With six new fisheries implementing catch shares management and further years of experience in the nine previous fisheries, there is now sufficient data to warrant an update and publication of the previous draft. Prior to 1976, the United States left fisheries largely unmanaged. Most fisheries were open-access, and foreign and domestic fishermen4 were allowed free rein to catch as many fish as they wished. To maintain a competitive share in the fishery, US public

policy focused on expansion and exploitation, attempting to increase domestic capacity in the face of growing Selleck Rapamycin international encroachment [4]. With incentives to grow the fleet and lack of incentives to sustain and build the resource, vessels steadily increased while landings did not change considerably (Fig. 2) [5]. The US fleet more than tripled in capacity from under 5000 vessels in 1935 to 17,000 vessels in 1975. However, domestic landings remained relatively consistent in the same period ranging from 2.9 to 3.8 billion pounds. Thus, the average vessel in 1975 caught only 34% as much biomass as it did in 1935, despite tremendous increases in fishing technologies. Fish stocks began collapsing in the unmanaged period for reasons common to rival, non-excludable goods. A “free-for-all” system ensured that rational individual actions undermined long-term resource sustainability. Partially in order to end this “free-for-all” system, domesticate US

fisheries, prevent overfishing, and rebuild stocks, Congress passed the first version of what is now the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) in 1976 (later amended in 1996 and 2006). The MSA was a turning point in fisheries management by seeking to solve fishery problems through national action [4]. Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease It established the federally-managed 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), regionalized federal fishery management through eight fishery management councils, and created ten national standards for fishery management plans [6]. Despite these novel management attempts, fleet capacity remained too high for the available resource (Fig. 2), and rational individual actions continued to undermine stock rebuilding [4]. By domesticating US fisheries, the MSA made the highly productive Alaska pollock fishery exclusive to US fleets.