a. durch Hämojuvelin [70] und, BAY 73-4506 supplier im Verlauf von Salmonella-Infektionen, z. B. durch das Siderophoren-Bindungsprotein Lipocalin-2 moduliert [71]. Insgesamt reguliert die Eisenhomöostase die intestinale Eisenresorption

und verteilt das Eisen zwischen den verschiedenen Kompartimenten entsprechend dem Bedarf. Diese Mechanismen bestimmen die lokalen Eisenkonzentrationen im Körper und optimieren die Nutzung des Eisens in Mangelsituationen. Jedoch beeinflussen sie auch die eisenabhängigen Schäden in verschiedenen Organen. Die Sicherheit von Interventionen mit oral verabreichtem Eisen hängt ab von den möglicherweise schädlichen Effekten im Lumen des Darms, im vaskulären Endothel und in intrazellulären Subkompartimenten. In den beiden letztgenannten Kompartimenten korrelieren die Gefahren weniger eng mit der aufgenommenen Eisendosis, da homöostatische Mechanismen die Konzentration an labilem Eisen dort wirkungsvoll abpuffern. Jedoch müssen die Wechselwirkungen zwischen

antioxidativen und antiinflammatorischen Mechanismen mit der Eisenhomöostase berücksichtigt werden [72]. Dadurch erklärt sich, warum vaskuläre und intrazelluläre Schäden weniger reproduzierbar und schwieriger this website mit der oralen Eisenaufnahme in Zusammenhang zu bringen sind als Schäden im Darmlumen. Reduzierte körperliche Arbeitsfähigkeit, verzögerte psychomotorische Entwicklung, Beeinträchtigung der kognitiven Funktionen im Kleinkindalter sowie Probleme während der Schwangerschaft werden als die wichtigsten funktionellen Indikatoren für Eisenmangel angesehen [73] und verursachen Kosten mit erheblichen Folgen für die ökonomische Entwicklung in der Dritten Welt [74]. Deshalb ist die Eindämmung des Eisenmangels ein Hauptziel öffentlicher Gesundheitsprogramme in Entwicklungsländern. Die öffentlichen Empfehlungen zur Eisenaufnahme zielen darauf ab, den Bedarf der gesunden Population

Bumetanide zu decken. Ganz bewusst werden bei diesen Empfehlungen weder Krankheiten mit gestörter Eisenhomöostase (wie z. B. die verschiedenen Formen erblicher Hämochromatose oder Anämie) noch therapeutische Ziele einer Eisensupplementation, z. B. Ausgleich von Eisenverlusten aufgrund von Blutungen oder Malresorption, berücksichtigt. Solche Situationen erfordern individuelle, gezielte, straff kontrollierte und gut koordinierte medizinische Interventionen. Jedoch interferieren in Entwicklungsländern Krankheiten von epidemischem Umfang, wie z. B. Hakenwurm-Infektionen oder Malaria, mit dem Ziel, den Eisenmangel zu bekämpfen, und machen u. U. breit angelegte öffentliche Interventionen nötig. Die FAO/WHO [75], der Wissenschaftliche Lebensmittelausschuss (Scientific Committee on Food, SCF) der EU [76], das US-FNB [73] und andere Gremien (z. B.

3 currents in human T lymphocytes ( Fig. 4B). The dose-response relationships of OcyTx2 for the inhibition of both Shaker-B and Kv1.3 channels, obtained from experiments as in A & B, are presented as the Lineweaver–Burk reciprocal-plot in Fig. 4C. The dissociation constants obtained from the corresponding slopes are 93.5 nM and 18.0 nM for Shaker-B and Kv1.3, respectively. The direct dose-response relationships are shown in Fig. 4D for the inhibition of the Shaker-B and Kv1.3 currents by OcyTx2. Fitting the Hill equation to the data points ( Fig. 4D, solid lines) yielded Kd = 96.6 nM, nH = 1.00

and Kd = 17.7 nM, nH = 1.10, respectively, in close agreement with the values obtained with the double-reciprocal plot of the points, which indicates that the toxin binds to channels with a see more 1:1 stoichiometry. Fig. 4E shows the current-voltage relationship obtained for Kv1.3 using a voltage-ramp protocol, thereby allowing the determination of the activation threshold of the Kv1.3 current in control solution and click here in the presence of OcyTx2, Fig. 4E shows that the activation threshold of Kv1.3 does not change upon treatment with 20 nM OcyKTx2, and confirms that this peptide does not affect the voltage-dependence of the activation gating of the channel. Thus, the reduction

of the peak currents in the presence of OcyKTx2 is a consequence of blockage of the K+ current rather than an overt shift in the voltage-dependence of gating. Herein we have described the functional characterization of OcyKTx2, a 34 amino acid long peptide with four disulfide bridges and a molecular weight of 3807 Da. OcyKTx2 is the second KTx that has been purified and characterized from O. cayaporum scorpion venom. Based on sequence alignment, identity and O-methylated flavonoid phylogenetic tree analysis we propose that OcyKTx2 belongs to the KTx6 family of scorpion toxins and thus its systematic name is α-KTx6.17. It is interesting to note that all KTx6 peptides were identified in non-Buthidae scorpions, and since Buthidae scorpions are mostly studied because of their medical importance, it seems that KTx6

peptides are restricted to the Iurida (suborder) and to the superfamily Scorpionoidea, which includes the Bothriuridae, Liochelidae, Scorpionidae, and Urodacidae families. Except for α-KTx6.11 (IsTX from O. madagascariensis) and α-KTx6.16 (OcyC12, a putative sequence described in the cDNA library of O. cayaporum), all other α-KTx6 peptides were included in the same branch in the phylogenetic tree (Fig 3). In this branch were also included Vm23 and Vm24, purified from Vaejovis mexicanus smithi, two peptides belonging to α-KTx7 family from Pandinus imperator (UniProtKB P55927 and P55928), and Parabutoxin-3 (α-KTx1.10 from Parabuthus transvaalicus, UniProtKB P83112). The last one is the only peptide belonging to a Buthidae scorpion included in this branch. Most scorpion KTxs are three disulfide-bounded peptides. All members of α-KTx6 subfamily possess four S-S bridges.

Further, the policy emphasizes that the environmental needs of aquatic eco-system, wetlands and embanked flood plains should be recognized and taken into see more consideration while planning for water resources conservation (Ministry of Water Resources, 2012). Over the years, number of designated Ramsar Sites has increased to 26 (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 2012), number of rivers under NRCP has increased to 39 and number of wetlands covered by the NWCP and NLCP has increased to 115 and 61 respectively (MoEF, 2012). However these initiatives proved to be too little considering the extent of ecologically sensitive wetland

ecosystems in the country and the fact that only a selected few wetlands were taken up for conservation and management purpose (Dandekar et al., 2011) (Table 4). Lately, the National Environmental Policy 2006 recognized the importance of wetlands in providing numerous ecological services (MoEF, 2006). The policy, for the first

time, accepted that there is no formal system of wetland regulation in the country outside the international commitments made in respect of Ramsar sites and thus there is a need of Enzalutamide chemical structure legally enforceable regulatory mechanism for identified valuable wetlands, to prevent their degradation and enhance their conservation (Dandekar et al., 2011 and MoEF, 2006). Further, the policy advocated, developing of National inventory of such wetlands (MoEF, 2006 and MoEF, 2007). A report by National Forest Commission (2006) among other suggestions also emphasized on: framing of a National Wetland Conservation Act; and establishment of a National Wetland Inventory and Monitoring Programme in order to develop a sustained and serious programme for monitoring wetlands. Based on the directives of National Environment Policy, 2006 and

recommendations made by National Forest Commission, Central Government notified the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010. As per the provision under Rule 5 of the wetlands rules, Central Wetlands Regulatory Org 27569 Authority (CWRA) has been constituted under the chairmanship of Secretary, Environment and Forest. The Expert Group on Wetlands (EGOW) has also been constituted for examining management action plans of newly identified wetlands (MoEF, 2012). The rules put restrictions on the activities such as reclamation, setting up industries in vicinity, solid waste dumping, manufacture or storage of hazardous substances, discharge of untreated effluents, any permanent construction, etc. within the wetlands. It also regulates activities (which will not be permitted without the consent of the State government) such as hydraulic alterations, unsustainable grazing, harvesting of resources, releasing treated effluents, aquaculture, agriculture and dredging.

Gene expression analysis was performed on SSA/P (n = 5) and MVHP (n = 5) samples using Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0ST arrays. The SSA/P samples were LEE011 obtained from three males and two females (average age 79 years, range 75-82 years). All five polyps were positive for BRAF V600E mutation. Among the MVHP samples, two polyps were positive for KRAS mutation in codon 12 or 13 and the remaining three lesions were wild-type for both BRAF and KRAS. All MVHP samples

were obtained from male subjects (average age 62 years, range 24-79 years). Analysis of variance of gene expression profiles indicated that 744 genes were differentially expressed between SSA/P and MVHP samples (adjusted P < .05, fold change ≥ ± 2). Furthermore,

cluster analysis (hierarchical analysis and principle component analysis) revealed that there was no overlap in the transcriptional profiles of these polyp types, indicating that SSA/P and MVHP have distinct molecular profiles ( Figures 1 and W1). The list of differentially expressed genes is shown in Table W1. Bioinformatic network analysis of differentially expressed genes (Ingenuity Pathway PF-01367338 chemical structure Analysis) identified four potential genes as being upstream regulators, i.e., genes that regulate the expression of other genes (either upregulate or downregulate) in a manner consistent with published findings. These upstream regulators include fibrillin-1, SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor, WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2, and synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1. Each of these genes were predicted to be activated (z-score > 2) on the basis of the direction of the fold change of their downstream targets. The network representing the regulation of expression of these downstream targets is shown in Figure W2. Statistical and bioinformatic analyses of the gene expression data identified CLDN1 as Enzalutamide ic50 the most significant differentially expressed

gene (based on adjusted P value) and also as a downstream target of WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 (Figure W2). The expression of CLDN1 was found to be 9.5-fold upregulated in SSA/P samples when compared with MVHP (P = .003). Accordingly, we undertook further analysis of this gene in a larger cohort of patient samples to determine its possible use as a marker of the serrated pathway. qRT-PCR was used to investigate CLDN1 expression changes in SSA/P (n = 18) and MVHP (n = 11) samples with values normalized to GAPDH. Of the 18 SSA/P samples, 10 were males (average age 76 years, range 66-82 years) and 8 were females (average age 74 years, range 65-82 years). Of the MVHP samples, eight were males (average age 72 years, range 54-78 years) and three were females (average age 54 years, range 49-56 years).

The parameter values are identified by iteratively comparing simulation results to experimental data using summed

squares of differences, and a subset of these comparisons across parameter space are compared to check for correlation. The optimal combination is then found by implementing a two-step optimisation process (simulated annealing, followed by Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno minimisation algorithms ( Behzadi et al., 2005, Belisle, 1992, Broyden, 1970, Fletcher, 1970, Goldfarb, 1970 and Shanno, 1970) within the ‘optim’ function in the core package of the R (v2.13.1) statistical and programming environment ( R Development Core Team, 2011). Following preliminary statistical analysis on the change in bromide concentration across all time points, the change in concentration between 0 and 4 h was analysed, as subsequent time periods Selleck Roxadustat showed evidence of tracer equilibration as found elsewhere (e.g. Forster et al., 1999 and Mermillod-Blondin et al., 2004). Linear regression models were developed for each of the dependent variables distance, maximum luminophore depth (lummax), lummed, lummean, lumCV, Δ[Br−], [NH4–N], [NOx–N], [PO4–P] and [SiO2–Si], with levels of pH (6.5

Alpelisib research buy or 8.1) and the presence/absence of A. filiformis as independent fixed factors. As a first step a linear regression model was fitted for each dependant variable. Where model validation showed evidence of unequal variance a generalised least squares (GLS; Pinheiro and Bates, 2000 and Zuur et al., 2009) mixed modelling approach was used to model the heterogeneity of variance. All analyses were carried out using the ‘nlme’ package (v3.1-101; Pinheiro et al., 2011) in the R (v2.13.1) statistical and programming environment (R Development Core Team, 2011). Seawater carbonate parameters (Table 1) within the recirculating

seawater tanks were stable throughout the duration of the experiment. A. filiformis survival was 100% throughout the acclimatisation period and over the course of the experiment. Under acidified conditions individuals Pregnenolone displayed emergent behaviour within minutes of exposure ( Fig. S1, Time lapse video sequence S1) typical of a stress response to hypoxia ( Nilsson, 1999). Oxygen levels in individual aquaria were not measured, however visual examination of the sediment profile did not reveal any evidence (e.g. changes in sediment colour, elevation of redox boundary; Lyle, 1983) of enhanced reduction. This is coherent with previous studies in which oxygen levels were monitored and echinoderms displayed emergent behaviour in response to hypercapnia (e.g. Widdicombe et al., 2009). Images from the f-SPI sequences showed active particle reworking in both ambient and acidified treatments, however, behavioural differences observed led to subtle changes in the vertical distribution of luminophores between ambient and acidified conditions (Fig. 2, S2 and 3).

Hence, CCH provides support at the patient, clinician and service level. In this paper we describe the development and evaluation of an SMP for patients with a LTC. CCH Clinician self-management support practices are reported elsewhere [14] and [15]. The primary aim of this evaluation was to see whether

the SMP improved patient activation, which refers to the extent that patients have the knowledge, skills, and confidence, to use self-management Ku-0059436 order support skills in their lives [16]. The evaluation also looked at whether the SMP improved health related quality of life, health status, mental health and self-management skills. Each of the CCH demonstration sites spanned selleck kinase inhibitor primary and secondary care. CCH focused on four LTCs: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression, diabetes, and musculoskeletal pain across

eight NHS sites, with two sites each focusing on the same condition. LTC patients seen in primary or secondary care settings were informed by their healthcare provider about the SMP. LTC patients’ inclusion criteria were to be over 18 years of age, have one of the four LTCs of interest (COPD, depression, diabetes and pain) and be physically able to attend a seven session group-based SMP. The SMP was delivered for groups of patients with the same LTC, so that patients recruited from COPD sites attended a COPD specific SMP, and the same applied for the other three conditions. Patients’ comorbid status was not a factor for recruitment to the SMP. Data were collected from patients who attended SMPs between 2007 and 2011. The study protocol was approved by the Brighton and Hove City Teaching PCT Multi Center Research Ethics Committee 07/H1107/143.

Patients who wished to attend the SMP registered their interest via a dedicated recruitment Rebamipide telephone helpline. The contact details of patients who consented to take part in the evaluation were passed to the evaluation team. Pre-course questionnaires (Time 1) were mailed out to patients by the evaluation team. Reminder and follow-up calls prior to attendance were made to improve response rates. In keeping with the real world setting of the evaluation, LTC patients who chose not to participate in the evaluation were not excluded from the SMP. All patients were mailed out 6 month follow-up questionnaires (Time 2). Two reminder follow-up contacts were made. During the second attempt patients were offered the option to verbally complete the primary outcome measure, the Patient Activation Measure. The Health Foundation commissioned the Expert Patient Program Community Interest Company to develop the SMP. The Co-Creating Health SMPs are four condition specific programs, which are supplemented by generic core modules and activities (e.g. goal setting, problem solving, and relaxation).

This group formed the International Collaborative for Communication in Healthcare, created intentionally with an international and interprofessional perspective considered essential to the effort. The goal was to develop a multidisciplinary, international collaborative of experts

working together to bridge the gaps between healthcare VE-821 supplier research, education and practice in order to better understand and enhance communication and relationships in healthcare systems worldwide. Focusing initially on Asia and the Pacific Rim, we quickly expanded to a more global perspective. In June 2013, the international collaborative was formally launched as the International Research Centre for Communication in Healthcare (IRCCH) [17] and [18], co-sponsored by Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the University of Technology Sydney, Australia. Curtin University, Western Australia, became a strategic partner in July 2013. IRCCH currently has 80 members from 15 countries. What makes IRCCH particularly distinctive is that, first, it brings together highly regarded healthcare professionals and academics with linguists and communication experts; second, it is committed to translational research

that focuses on applying the findings to practice and educational development; and third, the International Charter for Human Values in Healthcare is used as TSA HDAC a foundational document to inform and focus IRCCH’s

research, education, and practice initiatives. During our work together at the First International Symposium and Roundtable on Healthcare Communication in March 2011, we recognized that the nature and quality of communication in healthcare was PAK5 fundamentally influenced by the values of healthcare professionals, clinicians, educators, administrators, organizations, and institutions—i.e. the values of essentially all healthcare players and stakeholders. Representing diverse cultural backgrounds, languages, and perspectives, we quickly learned that clinicians, patients, caregivers, and healthcare communities across the world share many human values. We decided to identify these common core values. An international, interprofessional working group of Roundtable participants met to explore the human dimensions of care in healthcare relationships, to identify important values for healthcare interactions, and to begin the development of an international healthcare charter addressing core values that would provide an explicit underlying foundation for healthcare relationships. Using qualitative research methods, iterative content analyses, focus groups, Delphi methodology, and expert consensus, we created and refined the International Charter for Human Values in Healthcare.

However, our experiments with proximal tubular

segments isolated from Kl−/−/VDR∆/∆ mice clearly showed that lower, near physiological concentrations of FGF23 directly suppress NaPi-2a protein expression in proximal tubular epithelium in a Klotho dependent manner. Nevertheless, it is clear that additional experiments are necessary to confirm the FGF23-induced signaling pathways at physiological concentrations in renal proximal tubules. We propose a model (Fig. 6) wherein FGF23 and PTH signaling converge at the NaPi-2a/NHERF-1 Dasatinib in vitro complex, providing a molecular explanation for the observed interaction between both signaling pathways in the regulation of proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption in vitro [23] and in vivo (Andrukhova et al., unpublished). Taken together, our data show that FGF23 directly acts on proximal tubular cells to down-regulate membrane abundance of NaPi-2a through the ERK1/2–SGK1–NHERF-1 signaling axis. Hence, our data uncover the long sought molecular mechanism of the phosphaturic action of FGF23. Improved knowledge of the cellular mechanisms involved

http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Vorinostat-saha.html in the phosphaturic action of FGF23 may open up new possibilities for therapeutic intervention in phosphate-wasting disorders and other diseases in which modulation of renal phosphate excretion is a therapeutic goal. We thank Claudia Bergow for help with the biochemical analyses, Sonja Sabitzer for help with the LCM, Carsten Wagner, Nati Hernando, and Nicole Kampik for help with the isolation of proximal tubular segments, Martin Glösmann for help with the confocal microscopy,

and Graham Tebb for critically reading and editing the manuscript. The polyclonal rabbit anti-NaPi-2a antibody was a generous gift of Drs. Jürg Biber and Heini Murer, University of Zurich. Some of the rFGF23 used in this study was a gift of Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA. This work was supported by grants from the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna and from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF P24186-B21) to R.G.E, U.S. NIH/NIDDKDK072944 to B.L., and U.S. NIH/NIDCRDE13686 to M.M. O.A. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna. “
“The first Resveratrol sentence of the acknowledgments on page 335 of the original article contained incorrect information. The full and correct acknowledgments section appears below. This work was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), funded by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE AC02 05CH11231. The authors wish to thank Dr. Tony Tomsia and Brian Panganiban for their assistance with the study, and Professor Tony Keaveny and Mike Jekir, of the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of California, Berkeley, for allowing us to use their bone machining facilities.

A spectrophotometer was used in all determinations (Ultrospec 2100 pro, Amersham-Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, UK). Cylindrospermopsin was detected in lung and liver homogenate supernatants by ELISA commercial kits (Beacon Selumetinib mouse Analytical Systems, Portland, ME, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The limit of quantification of this method corresponds to 0.1 ng/m. Final values were expressed as ng of cylindrospermopsin/g of pulmonary or hepatic tissue. SigmaStat 3.11 statistical software package (SYSTAT, Chicago, IL, USA) was used. The normality

of the data (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test with Lilliefors’ correction) and the homogeneity of variances (Levene median test) were tested. If both conditions were satisfied, one-way ANOVA learn more was used, followed by Bonferroni’s

test for multiple comparisons when needed. If one or both conditions was not satisfied Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA was used followed by a Dunn’s test. In all instances the significance level was set at 5% (p < 0.05). A single sublethal dose of cylindrospermopsin significantly increased Est at 24 and 48 h after intratracheal instillation; ΔE and ΔP2 were higher than SAL at 24 h after exposure to cylindrospermopsin. ΔP1 and ΔPtot did not differ among groups (Fig. 1). Fig. 2 shows photomicrographs of lung parenchyma in SAL and CYN groups. Table 1 depicts

the fraction area of alveolar collapse and the content of polymorpho- (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) cells in pulmonary parenchyma. Exposure to cylindrospermopsin increased the fraction area of collapse and PMN influx into the lung parenchyma compared with SAL. The increase in alveolar collapse started at 8 h, reaching a maximum at 48 h, diminished at 96 h, but did not return to SAL values. A higher amount of PMN/μm2 was observed from 24 until 96 h. On the other hand, a decrease in the MN cell content was found in all CYN groups in relation to SAL (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Fig. 3 depicts Enzalutamide datasheet MPO, SOD and CAT activities and MDA levels in lung homogenates of SAL and CYN groups. There was a significant increase in MPO activity from 24 to 96 h, reaching a peak at 48 h after CYN exposure. SOD activity was significantly higher at 2 and 8 h, progressively returning to SAL values at 96 h. There was a significant decrease in CAT activity at 48 and 96 h, as compared with SAL. MDA levels increased significantly from 8 until 48 h after exposure to cylindrospermopsin. Fig. 4 presents cylindrospermopsin concentrations in the liver and lung cytosols. There was a higher amount of cylindrospermopsin in the lung at the first 24 h after intratracheal instillation and in the liver the concentration increased significantly at 96 h after intratracheal instillation.

During the period 1993–2009 the correlation coefficient R of the winter (JFM) NOy deposition with the length of the ice season varied between R = —0.52 over B2 and R = –0.19 over B4. The minimum probability (P-value) was 0.028 and the explanation factor R2 = 26.7% over B2. The anti-correlation Selleckchem JAK inhibitor is stronger when December is included in the winter period. When winter is defined either as DJF or DJFM, the correlation is extremely significant (P < 0.0006, R2 > 54%) over B2, the Gulf of Finland, and significant (P < 0.01, R2 > 35%) over B3. For B2 the variation

in the length of the ice season is important, because over this sea area the share of the annual airborne load due to winter and autumn deposition is 55–70%. However, ice conditions depend on the frequency of northerly or easterly continental airstreams, and all other MBL parameters vary with the cold air as well. Figure 15 presents the seasonally averaged correlation of the monthly NAO index with the oxidized

nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea subbasins in the years 1993–2009. The correlation was extremely significant over B2, the Gulf of Finland, in winter (JFM), and significant (P < 0.01) over B3 and B4 in winter and over B1 in autumn (OND). The reasons for and the Antiinfection Compound Library purchase origin of the episodically-received external load to the northern Baltic Sea sub-basins B1–B3 cannot be explained fully by instantaneous local meteorological factors (wind speed or direction, turbulence, state of other weather elements or the passing of a cyclone), because nitrogen compounds are transported

long distances to the areas of deposition and they remain in the air for several days before Lck being deposited. Each episode is the result of a chain of events connected to cyclonal and frontal activity. Precipitation and weather extremes are not concurrent with the cyclone centre crossing a given sea area, but tend to occur with a time lead, as the wind field connected with cyclones and fronts is complicated. However, deposition does seem to depend on the frequency of extreme weather events and cyclone activity, which in turn depend on the variation of large-scale weather patterns, such as the NAO, prevailing over the Baltic Sea. The results of the analysis of wind velocity and pressure minimum extremes presented in the previous section can be compared with estimates of storm frequency along the Swedish coast in the southern and northern BS (Eek 2000) or along the western BS5 (Olsson 2002); these show that at the Vingas station there was a distinct minimum in storm frequency between around 1935 and 1968, a maximum in 1920–1930 and in the 1980s. A similar variation, with some differences in the details of years and periods, can be seen from the data of the other stations studied by Olsson and Eek. The total number of severe storms was highest in 1919–1929 and 1940–1949 (Eek 2000).