No wind or wave effects are included. A large ensemble of simulated oil spills is created that occur under different weather conditions and at different locations. A number of statistical measures are then used to create maps that describe how harmful an oil spill at different

locations would be. The oil spills are simulated with Eulerian surface tracers. Several recent publications have dealt with the same problem but were restricted to the Gulf of Finland (Andrejev et al., 2011, Soomere et al., 2011a, Soomere et al., 2011b, Soomere et al., 2011c, Soomere et al., 2011d and Viikmäe et al., 2011). These studies analyzed Lagrangian trajectories that were locked to the surface XL184 and calculated from modeled currents, revealing that the results can be very different depending on whether the risk for a coastal hit within a certain time limit or the time that it takes before the coast is hit are used (Andrejev et al., 2011 and Viikmäe et al., 2011). Maritime routes that minimize environmental risk can be constructed based on this knowledge (Andrejev LBH589 mouse et al., 2011, Soomere et al., 2011a, Soomere et al., 2011b, Soomere et al., 2011c and Viikmäe et al., 2011). Even though the optimization was performed with a very simplistic method, a local greedy heuristic without a guarantee

of finding the globally optimal path, there was a gain compared to using traditional routes with, in some cases, only slightly longer routes (Soomere et al., 2011b). Viikmäe et al. (2011) presented results for the northern Baltic proper in which the southern boundary of the model domain was located close to the northern tip of Gotland. However, they did not trace trajectories outside of the limited domain (Viikmäe 2011, personal communication). This influences the results considerably. An investigation for the Baltic proper similar to our study was performed by Ovsienko (2002). An oil spill model, OSMS, was used to simulate oil spills in 31 locations: 19 in the Baltic proper, 8 in the Gulf of Finland and 2 for the entrance at the west

of the Baltic proper. Statistics were calculated for each of these locations based on a total of more than 42,500 oil spill simulations. Oil spill models use a Lagrangian approach, with some exceptions (e.g. Tkalich et al., 2003). The Lagrangian approach has many Ribonucleotide reductase advantages, e.g., the ability to handle sub-grid scale processes. However, the number of particles must be sufficiently large to describe dispersion. This is not a bottleneck for the Eulerian approach. There are seasonal variations both in currents and transports (Lehmann et al., 2002 and Soomere et al., 2011d) caused by seasonal variations in wind velocities (Meier et al., 2011b and Räämet and Soomere, 2010). However, for the entire Baltic, seasonal variations of surface currents are not studied in detail. The present study investigates current transports in the entire Baltic proper with ensembles of Eulerian tracers, while the above studies used Lagrangian methods.

aureus strain V8 protease or proteinase K, due to the presence of a Pro residue at position P2 of the peptide. A Pro residue at this position seems to determine the loss of inhibitory activity ( Gebhard et al., 2004). The comparison ABT-888 ic50 of the deduced amino acid sequence of contig PI01 and PSKP1 sequence showed that both proteins share this feature ( Fig. 2B). The singlet PI02 also showed the same characteristic, thus the encoded proteins from both groups seem to lack the inhibitory activity. Additionally we could find a potential signal peptide in both DNA sequences of these clusters,

using the software SignalP 4.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/). On the other hand, the singlet PI03 showed low similarity (∼43%) to Kazal type 2 (GenBank ID:XP_002940646), a serine proteinase inhibitor, in which all conserved residues common to this family members were present in the deduced amino acid sequence of the singlet PI03, with a single exception for the Pro residue at position P1. This substitution is semi-conservative, but the effects on biological activity are not predictable since Pro residues impose important structural changes. Very limited information on structure-activity relationship was found in the literature

for this type of Kazal type 2 serine proteases inhibitors (Gebhard et al., 2004), suggesting the importance of conducting further pharmacological studies to better understand the structural requirements for this biological activity. The clusters encoding for sequences with similarity to cellular proteins represented find more 64.3% of total ‘hit sequences’, and they were categorized according to the demonstrated or presumed biochemical functions and pathways (Table 2). Among these sequences, the most representative ESTs were those related to transcriptional and translational processes, covering about 20.7% of all analyzed contigs (Fig. 4). This group comprises ribosomal proteins, and transcription and elongation

factor homologues. The expression of these precursors is indicative of the high biosynthesis process in response to the continuous production of skin secretion. Transcripts encoding for proteins related to regulatory Resveratrol processes represent the second most abundant group (14.2% of total). Amarked occurrence was observed for four transcripts encoding S100 calcium binding proteins. This large calcium binding protein family is composed by low molecular weight members with two different types of calcium binding domains. These proteins have an unusual calcium-binding EF-hand motif at the N-terminal portion, composed by a helix-loop-helix domains also referred as imperfect EF-hand motif with low affinity for calcium. The C-terminal portion has a conserved true EF-hand motif with high affinity to calcium.

Dose constraints to the skin to minimize confluent areas greater than 125% of the prescription will reduce the risk of necrosis. CT-based planning is mandatory for HDR 192Ir penile brachytherapy, with three-dimensional delineation of the gross tumor volume, clinical target volume, skin, and urethra ( Fig. 5). For treatment planning purposes, the patient is scanned in the supine or lateral decubitus position. CT slice thickness less than 2 mm and in-plane resolution lower than 0.5 mm are recommended to provide high-resolution anatomic Doxorubicin concentration information and accurate needle localization.

If there is concern for penile edema or needle positioning, repeat CT imaging may be performed during the course to validate the geometry. For LDR, PDR, or HDR, the patient remains in the hospital for the duration

of the implant. Bed rest is recommended, but the implant is stable enough and often well enough tolerated that the patient may ambulate for personal necessities. The Jackson–Pratt drain or tube-and-button system allow more mobility. In general, these implants are well tolerated. Analgesia requirements may include narcotic and/or non-narcotic medications. Antibiotics are not routinely prescribed. The Foley catheter remains in situ for the duration of the implant. Careful hygiene of the implant device and urinary catheter is indicated. If the patient is disinclined to ambulate, then antiembolic stockings and low-dose heparin (5000 U every 12 h) or low-molecular-weight heparin are GSK3 inhibitor recommended as prophylaxis. The discontinuous pulses Carnitine dehydrogenase of PDR and HDR implants facilitate nursing care and minimize exposure to the personnel. The implant can be removed either at the bedside with sufficient analgesia or in the operating room with sedation. Bleeding is usually minimal and can be controlled with the application of light pressure. The patient can be

discharged the same day with home care instructions for hygiene, which include daily soaks of the distal penis in lukewarm water with the addition of baking soda or salt in a receptacle such as a coffee mug. Moist desquamation throughout the treated area is expected (Fig. 6) and usually starts within 10–15 days. A loose tubular non-stick dressing will prevent the healing skin from adhering to underclothes. The site should not be tightly bandaged with an occlusive dressing as this maneuver promotes infection and delays healing. Multiagent antibiotic cream or ointment can be applied for the first 2–4 weeks, and some authors recommend that vitamin E ointment be applied later on as re-epithelialization progresses. Complete healing usually occurs within 2 months but in some cases may take 3–4 months or longer, especially in patients with diabetes or vascular disease. Smoking is discouraged as it is believed to delay wound healing. Intercourse can be resumed when the patient is comfortable, although the healing epithelium is fragile, and extra water-based lubrication is recommended.

marianae Selleckchem isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitor densities compared to plots

treated at a higher mite threshold, or plots treated with regularly scheduled sprays, or in control plots. Likewise, an initial spray with azadirachtin (Aza-Direct®) when two H. armigera eggs were detected in 10 of the plant samples, followed by an additional spray only if two damaged fruits or H. armigera larvae were detected per 50 immature fruit, resulted in lower percent fruit damage and higher marketable yield compared to other threshold levels or a regular spray schedule. Although a pest management based threshold level is always better than calendar based sprays, we did not have the results for threshold levels ready when we initiated this study. In addition, there was urgency to develop an effective control method for T. marianae and H. armigera to replace the conventional sprays in the Pacific Islands. Not all growers want to follow threshold-based sprays since it is labor intensive and difficult to schedule for work. Although a binominal sampling scheme (presence: absence) would be ideal, many growers do not want to count mites and assess fruit damage in the field. Integrated find more pest management

strategies for spider mites and fruit borer favor botanical pesticides over conventional broad-spectrum chemical pesticides due to the former’s lower toxicity, and higher safety to the environment and beneficial arthropods (Yang et al., 2010). Presently, conventional insecticides (carbaryl and malathion) are the only pesticides used by growers in this region on tomato. However, repeated use of broad-spectrum insecticides is often expensive and harmful to natural enemies, and can lead to insecticide resistance, environmental

pollution and secondary pest outbreaks (Mallet, 1989). More broadly, L-gulonolactone oxidase biorational insecticides include botanical extracts, pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and entomopathogenic nematodes), semiochemicals, and insect growth regulators, and they have been used to control many species of pest insects (Djerassi et al., 1974, Schmutterer, 1990, Schmutterer, 1995, Davidson et al., 1991, Trdan et al., 2007 and Leng and Reddy, 2012). Insecticidal oils, including those of botanical or mineral origin, are also biorational pesticides that are used against many pest insects (Trdan et al., 2006 and Yang et al., 2010). On the other hand, most of the treatments used in the present study are cost effective and affordable by the growers (Reddy and Tangtrakulwanich, 2014). In this study, the IPM package (PSO, B. bassiana, azadirachtin and B. thuringiensis) at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAT was the most effective treatment in reducing the damage by T. marianae and H. armigera and significantly increasing the marketable yield of tomatoes.

The existing uncertainties about the effective dose of statins

in cancer therapy are aggravated by the fact that lovastatin and simvastatin are administered as inactive prodrugs and need to be enzymatically activated to β-hydroxy acid by esterase and paraoxonase-mediated hydrolysis [40]. To our knowledge, no published studies have measured the RGFP966 in vitro actual active acid form of simvastatin or lovastatin in cell cultures and/or in mice—in which liver statins undergo active transformation—to properly infer the statin dose that should be used in clinical cancer trials. Although clinical and epidemiological data suggest that relative low plasma concentrations of statins could be sufficient to achieve an antitumor effect, reasonably, new phase I trials with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies are warranted. In conclusion, we have presented a proof-of-concept study that demonstrates that simvastatin may enhance antitumor response of concomitant XRT and C225. In this preclinical work, we have provided evidence that supports further basic and clinical investigation of simvastatin in SCCHN disease. We are grateful to Bradley Londres for his excellent assistance in improving the English of the manuscript. Disclosures: L.I.d.L. and M.B. are the recipients of laboratory research

awards from Merck KGaA. R.M. receives lecture fees and grant support from Merck and serves on a paid advisory board. J.B. is the principal investigator of this study and received financial support from Merck KGaA. The study sponsors had no involvement in the study design, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to submit the MLN8237 research buy manuscript for publication. None of the authors hold stock options in the company. “
“In the published version of the above paper, two of the author names were incorrectly listed. The corrected author names are listed below: Thomas L. Chenevert*, Dariya I. Malyarenko*, David Newitt †, Xin Li ‡, Mohan

Jayatilake ‡, Alina Tudorica ‡, Andriy Fedorov§, Ron Kikinis§, Tiffany Ting Liu¶, Mark Muzi#, Matthew J. Oborski**, Charles M. Laymon**, Xia Li††, Thomas Yankeelov ††, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer ‡‡, James M. Mountz**, Paul E. Kinahan#, Daniel L. Rubin¶, Fiona Fennessy§, Wei Huang ‡, Nola Niclosamide Hylton † and Brian D. Ross* This paper also inadvertently left out a grant number. The corrected list of grants is below: Quantitative Imaging Network and National Institutes of Health funding: U01CA166104, U01CA151235, U01CA154602, U01CA142555, U01CA154601, U01CA140204, U01CA142565, U01CA148131, U01CA172320, U01CA140230, U01CA151261, U54EB005149, R01CA136892, P01CA085878, and 1S10OD012240-01A1. We regret any inconvenience that this has caused. “
“Imaging of tumor hypoxia using 2-nitroimidazoles has increased during recent years. For a number of cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), radiotherapy (RT) may fail due to the presence of tumor hypoxia [1].

A predominance of high endotoxic LPS might promote a TH1/TH17 response, subsequently supporting intestinal inflammation, and a predominance of low endotoxic LPS might induce an altered activation of the innate immune system, resulting in DC semi-maturation and either induction of regulatory T cells or prevention MI-773 mw of a TH1/TH17 response, associated with intestinal immune homeostasis. Zwitterionic polysaccharide A of Bacteroides fragilis has been identified as a microbial symbiosis factor acting on the adaptive immune system. 32 and 51 We propose LPS as a key microbial symbiosis factor that, depending on its structure, can induce or prevent bowel inflammation by shaping the innate immunity via TLR4-dependent signalling

mechanisms. 52 The authors thank Sylvia Düpow (RCB), Friederike Kops, Birgit Brenneke, and Andrea Schäfer for excellent technical assistance and PD Dr Erwin Bohn for creative ideas and inspiring

discussions. The authors thank Prof AZD5363 in vitro R. Darveau, University of Washington, Seattle, for providing us with the E coli strains. C.J. and S.S. thank André Bleich from the Central Animal Facility at Hannover Medical School for continuous support. “
“Our recent survey on the Mariana Islands found Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the red spider mite Tetranychus marianae McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) to be the most serious pests on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ( Reddy et al., 2011 and Reddy and Tangtrakulwanich, 2013). Rates of tomato damage caused by these pests are typically 60%, and

sometimes Tideglusib reach 88% in severely infested fields in Guam. Infestations on tomato plants on farms in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) by these pests can reach 100%. While other pests such as cutworms or armyworms (e.g. Spodoptera litura [F.]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can be found causing damage to tomatoes at the later stage of the crop, H. armigera was by far the most common species observed in the field, requiring careful monitoring and control to avoid high (40–50%) yield losses ( Reddy and Tangtrakulwanich, 2013). Processing and fresh market tomato acreage has been progressively increasing in the Mariana Islands during the preceding few years. Tomato has been widely grown in Guam as a new crop which regularly means dealing with a diverse pest complex. At present, S. litura is not damaging enough to require control. In addition, both adults and larvae of the Philippine lady beetle, Epilachna viginsexpunctata (Boisduval) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feed on the leaves of tomato, leaving distinctive parallel brown scrape marks on the leaves. However, a parasitic wasp, Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) has been introduced to Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) that attacks the pupal stage of the beetle efficiently, so that it is rarely damaging in these areas ( Vargo and Schreiner, 2000).

(50)) is derived. The result is expressed as a linear correction to the Carver Richards equation (summarised in Appendix A), and algorithms based on this have advantages in both Neratinib datasheet precision and speed over existing formulaic approaches ( Supplementary Section 8). In a CPMG experiment, transverse magnetisation

is first created, and then allowed to evolve through a series of spin echoes. In this work it is defined that each consists of two delays of duration of τcp, separated by a 180° pulse. A single CPMG element is two concatenated echoes, which in the absence of relaxation and chemical exchange, returns transverse magnetisation to an identical state to which it started. In the complete experiment, Ncyc CPMG elements are further concatenated, leading to a pulsing frequency, vCPMG = Ncyc/Trel and the total time of the CPMG element is Trel = 4τcpNcyc. The change in signal intensity and hence R2,eff due to the exchange process is then monitored as a function of vCPMG. In the case of two-site chemical exchange, in the absence CX-5461 chemical structure of pulses, in-phase magnetisation will evolve at two distinct frequencies.

As a useful book keeping exercise, one frequency can be associated with an ensemble of molecules that are primarily (but not entirely) in the majorly populated (ground) state, and the second with an ensemble of molecules that are primarily (but not entirely) in the minorly populated (excited) state. Both ensembles are mixed states whose exact ground/excited ‘composition’ depends explicitly on the exchange parameters. It is shown here that a 180° pulse Branched chain aminotransferase does not simply invert the chemical shift, as it would a pure state. Instead, it further mixes these two ensembles. Consequently, after the second evolution period, four frequencies emerge from a spin echo, corresponding to magnetisation that started and finished on either the ground or excited states, and that which started on the ground and finished in the excited, or vice versa. While the first two pathways are entirely

refocused in terms of their chemical shift, the second two are not. The 180° pulse can therefore be considered ‘leaky’, as not all magnetisation is refocused. When multiple Hahn echoes are concatenated in a CPMG experiment, the number of discrete frequencies increases. The derivation of the CPMG signal intensity relies on determining how ‘leaky’ a single CPMG element is, identifying which frequencies are present at the end, evaluating their weighting factors and calculating how these depend on the details of the exchange process. Each of the discrete frequencies that emerge from a CPMG block can be associated with a mixture of ground and excited state ensembles. A higher proportion of time spend in the excited state leads to more efficient relaxation, and loss of signal intensity.

(2010) were taken directly from that Selleckchem CCI-779 study using the exact significance and extent criteria described previously. The only modifications made were to limit (mask) the regions so they did not extend beyond relevant anatomical boundaries, as defined in the Talairach atlas (file TT_N27_EZ_ML) included in AFNI (Lancaster et al., 2000). This served to ensure (1) that the functional ROIs did not overlap and (2) that they lay within defined anatomical regions. The ROIs were also restricted to the left hemisphere to help maintain sensitivity to relevant connections while minimizing the number of comparisons. Furthermore,

activation during reading aloud in the previous study (Graves et al., 2010) was exclusively left-lateralized in the inferior frontal, inferior temporal, and middle temporal ROIs. The ITS region (red in Fig. 2A) was spatially bounded by the inferior and middle temporal gyri. The AG (orange in Fig. 2A) was spatially bounded by the

atlas definition of the AG. The pMTG ROI was masked to be spatially bounded by the Venetoclax atlas definition of the MTG. The pSTG ROI was restricted to not extend beyond the atlas definition of the superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, and similarly for the pOTS (masked to only include areas within left fusiform gyrus) and IFG (masked to only include areas within the left inferior frontal gyrus) ROIs. Another region, involving temporoparietal cortex in the left posterior Sylvian fissure, also showed an increased BOLD response with decreasing bigram frequency (Graves et al., 2010). We elected not to include this region as an ROI because it has been linked more conclusively with sensorimotor integration during speech articulation (Buchsbaum et al., 2011, Gow, 2012 and Hickok and Poeppel, 2007), a process not of primary interest in this study, and because

expanding the number of ROIs would likely offer Exoribonuclease little benefit while at the same time compounding the multiple comparisons problem. The degree to which imageability modulated RT varied widely across individuals, with 11 showing variable amounts of facilitation and 6 showing inhibition, for a range of β-weights between 2.4 and −5.9 (Fig. 1B). This contrasts with the consistency variable, which showed a quite narrow range of effects on RT across participants (β-weights from 1.1 to −1.6). Correlations between the behavioral effect of imageability and DTI pathway volume were examined for each of the ROI pairs of interest in Fig. 2A (and listed in Table 1). Pathways showing significant (corrected q < 0.05) correlations with imageability effects are indicated by solid lines with double-headed arrows in Fig. 2A (and bold font in Table 1), while pathways showing non-significant correlations are indicated by dotted lines. The more imageability facilitated reading aloud, the greater the volume of the pathway through ITS-pMTG ( Fig. 2C, β = 0.863, uncorrected p = 0.005, q = 0.032).

The

measurements near CRS Lubiatowo were carried out using a motor boat with a length of 5 m and a draught of 0.3 m. The boat’s position was determined using GPS Magellan. The StrataBox signals were recorded by the application of software StrataBox ver. 3.0.6.2, enabling simultaneous registration of the seismo-acoustic data and the geographical coordinates of the points surveyed. Figure 5 shows a photograph of the boat and the StrataBox transducer (before being lowered into water). During the two-day long survey (19–20 May 2009) tens of files with seismo-acoustic signals were recorded. The aim of these measurements was to test the equipment and tune parameters (e.g. setting the optimal signal gain). The actual profiling survey MLN0128 cost was carried out on 20 May, in a direction approximately perpendicular to the shoreline, from the depth of about 13 m (starting point of the profile – 54°49.561′N, 17°49.823′E) to the nearshore shallow water region (end of the profile – 54°48.867′N, 17°50.322′E). The measured bathymetric cross-shore profile was found to have the same shape as the sea bottom transect shown in Figure 4. In the

area where bars occur (at depths less than 8 m), where considerable changes in the sea bed take place not just at the scale of years but at the scales of months and weeks, the measured depths were slightly different than the ones in Figure Adriamycin supplier 4. The maximum discrepancies between the sea bottom ordinates measured in May 2009 and those plotted in Figure 4 are 2 m. The results at long distances from the shoreline, at water depths exceeding 10 m, indicated the presence of homogeneous sandy sediments in the sea bed. More interesting results were found closer to

the shoreline. Excerpts Ergoloid of the StrataBox seismo-acoustic record of the surveyed profile are shown in Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8. The record at 9 m depth (Figure 6) shows the boundary between two types of sediments. The data from drill core B (cf. Figure 4) suggest that the device has detected a local structure of the sea bed, consisting of a 3 m thick layer of marine sands above glacial sands. The measurements carried out in the vicinity of the gently-sloping outer bar at a distance of about 750 m from the shoreline (Figure 7) reveal the presence of weakly shaped boundaries between sands of various kinds and various origin. The echo reflected from the boundary at the –11.0 m ordinate may imply the existence of a distinct interface between the marine and glacial sands (see the drill core C in Figure 4). The profiling survey carried out in a deep trough between the bars located about 300 m from the shoreline (Figure revealed layers which, on the basis of the data of Figure 4, may correspond to organic-bearing sediments (peat, sandy peat, mud, etc.).

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This work is a part of the Project “Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Production by using Nano/Biotechnological and Irradiation Processes” and Nanotechnology Research Unit (P.I.

Prof.Dr. Ahmed El-Batal) at Pharmaceutical Microbiology Laboratory in Drug Radiation Research Department and the financial support was provided by NCRRT. “
“The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of nuclear ribosomal DNA with bi-parental inheritance is currently used widely to determine the genetic diversity of land plants [1], ABT-199 purchase [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] and [10]. However, one limitation of species identification using the ITS sequence is that the method has limited resolution in identifying species, especially within closely related taxa [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11]. For instance, the discriminating power of the four recommended DNA markers at the species level in Alnus (Betulaceae) was 10% (rbcL), 31.25% (matK), 63.6% (trnH–psbA), and 76.9% (ITS) [3]. Among the four DNA regions (rbcL, matK, trnH–psbA, and ITS), the ITS sequence has the most variable information, and appears to have limited power to discriminate closely related taxa in Juglandaceae [5].

Hanabusaya and Adenophora sect. Remotiflorae of the family Campanulaceae could Cilengitide ic50 not be resolved using ITS sequences [6]. As a result of insufficient morphological information and DNA markers, the development of scientific research has been severely hindered in fields such as taxonomy, ecology, and genetic resource evaluation. Development of new and more sensitive nuclear DNA markers for biodiversity detection is highly desirable [11] and [12]. The ubiquitin–proteasome system, which plays a key Branched chain aminotransferase role in degradation of proteins, is imperative for maintaining the cellular homeostasis in eukaryotic cells [13]. Three enzymes are required

in the ubiquitination and targeting of proteins for degradation: ubiquitin activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2, and the highly conserved ubiquitin ligase E3. Ubiquitin ligases are key components of the ubiquitin–proteasome system. After a protein has been ubiquitinated, the substrate protein will be located to the proteasome (a cylindrical complex) to be degraded into smaller polypeptides or other molecules with biological activity for reutilization [13]. Ubiquitin plays a vital role not only in protein degradation but also in many cellular functions including DNA repair processes, cell cycle regulation, cell growth, immune system functionality, and hormone-mediated signaling in plants. In recent years, several types of the ubiquitin ligase E3, such as RING finger-containing E3s (RBR and TRIM families), cullin-containing E3 complexes, Ubox E3s and HECT E3s, were reported [14].