Examples Controlled clinical trials Controlled

clinical trials, especially in the form which up to now has been the gold standard, ie, the double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial (RCCT) are research studies for the proof of efficacy and safety of a new intervention. Objective influences on the outcome of a specific intervention are controlled by randomizing the allocation of research subjects to the index group and to the control group, and subjective influences byblinding the patient and – if necessary – the researcher Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (double-blinding). However, the more the sample of research subjects is selected according to strong inclusion and exclusion criteria, the less the generalizability of results will Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical be. Therefore, the result of the same intervention in nonselected samples from routine practice may differ, and justifies additional trials under

naturalistic conditions. Two controversially debated ethical issues are placebocontrolled trials and the “therapeutic misconception.” Placebo-controlled trials The revision of article 29 of the Helsinki Declaration in 2000 and its “Note of Clarification” in 2002 on the use of placebo controls in cases Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of an existing standard treatment provoked a heated controversy between advocates of an “active control orthodoxy” as opposed to those

of a “placebo orthodoxy.” 2 The former argue that withholding a proven standard therapy is unethical and violates the ethical principle of nonmaleficence, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical whereas the latter defend the position that placebo controls are necessary to evidence the efficacy of a new intervention in cases, in which the efficacy of an established standard treatment is Serotonin receptor antagonist drugs supplied only by historical and clinical experience. The discussion was intensified a decade ago also by the usage of purely placebo-controlled RCCTs in patients with schizophrenia, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and resulted in the operationalization Rebamipide of a set of criteria for an ethically acceptable use of placebos in controlled trials of patients for whom a standard therapy is available.3 Further pro arguments are high placebo rates in the field of indication, a high risk of side effects of the standard treatment, or its efficacy on only single symptoms.4,5 Particularly controversial was the debate about placebo controls in depression: whereas some argue for their indispensability6,7 in order to avoid ostensible evidence by equivalence with an inefficient standard treatment, others are convinced of the efficacy of antidepressant drugs, especially in severe depression.8,9 Efficacy is less evident in mild depression.

DSM-IV classifies the signs and symptoms of depression into two groups of vegetative and mental Selleckchem PD332991 conditions.2 Since pain is assessed as a frequent vegetative symptom, it was considered as a separate entity and eventually categorized into three groups including mental symptoms, pain, and physical symptoms other than pain. Through psychiatric interview, we assessed

the presenting complaints of these patients Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and considered such symptoms as guilt feeling, hypochondriac status, insomnia, and losses of appetite, weight, concentration, and interest, suicidal idea and attempt, hopelessness and crying. Also the patients were asked about their chief complaints which were categorized into mental symptoms with pain, and physical symptoms Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical without pain, the duration of the illness, description of the emotional or somatic disorders by the patients, causes of illness expressed by the patients as family problems

including interpersonal or intergenerational difficulties, living problems such as occupational or financial difficulties, losses incurred, marital conflicts, and romantic breakups, and the clinician who first visited the patient namely general practitioner, psychiatrist or other specialist. These variables were compared by proper statistical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical analysis (Chi-square) according to sex, age, marital status, cultural background (rural or urban) and education level. Logistic regression analysis, backward method, was used to compare the association of different independent Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical variables in patients with or without somatization as a symptom. Results Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the patients. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The range of age was between 15 to 81 years (Mean 36.92). 61.8% (309) of them were between 30 to 59 years old. Of 500 patients studied, 380 (76.0%) were females, 356 (71.2%) married, 246 (46.2%) had elementary school education, and 306 (61.2%) belonged to the urban cultural background. Table 1 Demographic

characteristics of the patients Tables 2 and ​and33 demonstrate the descriptive features of patients’ chief complaints and symptoms of which headache (15.2%) was the most frequent complaint, followed by irritability (10.6%), pain in the other areas of the body (10.4%), depression (8.0%) and forgetfulness (7.2%). Among Linifanib (ABT-869) physical (organic) complaints, the gastrointestinal (7.0%) symptoms were more frequent than respiratory (3.4%) and cardiac symptoms (3.2%).In this context, pain and physical complaints were more common in persons with lower education (P<0.001), rural cultural background (P<0.001), women (P<0.001) and married patients (P=0.007). Individuals with higher education (P<0.001) and urban cultural background (P<0.001) were more likely to visit a psychiatrist.

As the genes encoding enzymes adjacent in the network are not regulated in this way, the only conclusive explanation is that the re-formation of phospholipids that depend on sphingosine kinase, such as sphingomyelin and the various ceramides, is enhanced by TGFβ. It has been found that Vanin (Vnn1), besides the enzymatic function as pantetheinases, plays a role in inflammation, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical oxidative stress, cell migration, and numerous diseases [33]. Vanin is strongly up-regulated in the control culture and the effect is attenuated by TGFβ. 2.13. Endogenous TGFβ Production It has been noted that hepatocytes in monolayer culture start to produce TGFβ [10].

Indeed, the RNA encoding TGFβ1 increases threefold in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the control experiment, see Figure 8B. Thus, even in the control TGFβ is not completely absent. Interestingly, in TGFβ treated group, there is an even larger increase in endogenous TGFβ production, which additionally

accelerates the effects sensitive to TGFβ. Furthermore, the expression of the main TGFβ receptor Tgfbr1, while constantly low in the control experiment, increases dramatically in TGFβ treated hepatocytes. Thus, in TGFβ Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical treated hepatocytes, an amplified effect of TGFβ is observed. The other TGFβ form, TGFβ2, the alternative receptor Tgfbr2, and the associated protein Tgfbrap1 are relatively constant throughout both culture conditions. 3. Discussion As the metabolism of primary hepatocytes changes during culture even without the addition of TGFβ, the question arises as for which conclusions can be drawn from TGFβ treated cultures for hepatocytes in vivo. It must be assumed that changes induced by TGFβ are

independent from the changes induced by culture stress, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical at least regarding metabolic liver functions. Endogenous production of TGFβ in the control culture is taken into account in Section 2.13. Consequently, the main problem is to distinguish whether the TGFβ treatment just leads to an acceleration of processes that would Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical have occurred later in the control or whether there is a specific regulation that would not have occurred. To GPX6 account for this, the findings in the results section have been related to studies of metabolic functions in hepatocytes and also other cell types. Although fetal calf serum is provided for 3 hours directly after extraction from mouse liver to medical facilitate the survival from extraction stress, in the presented course of the experiment a serum-free medium is used [4]. Apparently, this condition differs from the in vivo state where the hepatocyte is confronted with a constantly changing metabolic load. It is commonly accepted that each metabolic challenge of hepatocytes in vivo stimulates a response of transcription, while a lack of new responses leads to a gradual loss of enzymatic capacity by protein degradation [34].

A fatal neonatal equine GSD IV, occurring in newborn foals of American Quarter Horses (27), is due to a 102C > A transversion in exon 1 of the equine gbe1 gene (28). Conclusion Although GBE deficiency is usually reported in textbooks as a liver disorder, in the last few years the involvement of the PI3K inhibitor neuromuscular system has become apparent and several cases have been reported in close succession, suggesting that this disease has been underestimated. GBE deficiency should

be included in the differential diagnosis of pregnancies complicated by hydrops fetalis, polyhydramnios, and decreased fetal movements, and in infants with mild Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to severe hypotonia. All cases characterized by perinatal death or by fatal infantile hypotonia have been associated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with almost complete absence of GBE activity and with severe mutations in the GBE1 gene. Reduced enzyme activity and mild or heterozygous GBE1 mutations result in APBD.
Recessive mutations in the ANO5 gene, encoding anoctamin 5, cause proximal limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2L), Miyoshi-type distal myopathy (MM3) and asymptomatic hyper- CKemia. We report a woman with exertion-induced myalgia and weakness in the hip girdle manifesting at the age of 40. Creatine kinase (CK) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was increased 20-fold. Histologically the dominating feature

was necrotizing myopathy, but long-term immunosuppressive therapy did not change CK level or myopathic symptoms. Molecular genetic investigation led to the finding of the homozygous ANO5 c.191dupA mutation. This is a report of a muscular dystrophy due to ANO5 mutation presenting histologically as necrotizing myopathy. For this reason our finding extends the histological spectrum of myopathies due to ANO5 mutations as well as the possible differential Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical diagnoses for necrotizing myopathy. Key words: Anoctamin 5, limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2L, necrotizing myopathy Case report Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Recessive mutations in the ANO5 gene (ANO5, MIM 6086629) are associated with limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) 2L; known to be the third most common

LGMD in Northern and Central Europe (1-3) but also with a distal non-dysferlin Miyoshi type dystrophy (MM3) or with asymptomatic hyperCKemia (4, 5). We present here a patient homozygous for the ANO5 mutation c.191dupA with necrotizing myopathy as the dominating histological feature. A 40-year-old athletic Caucasian woman started to complain about exertion-induced weakness MTMR9 and myalgia, especially in thighs and buttocks. At the time she had been weight training and mountain biking several times a week. Creatine kinase (CK) was 20-fold increased. A muscle biopsy from the gastrocnemius muscle presented as necrotizing myopathy (Fig. 1). Due to MHC upregulation myositis therapy with prednisolone and methotrexate (MTX) was initiated which diminished myalgia but the CK remained constantly raised (10- to 20-fold, maximum 35-fold) over several years.

1991]; and current use of a traditional dopamine antagonist antipsychotic. Exclusion criteria were hospitalization within 2 months prior to study entry; endocrine, cardiovascular, or brain disease; history of neuroleptic malignant syndrome; and pregnancy or lactation (women only). The procedures followed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the local institutional committee on human experimentation. After complete description of the study to the patients, signed informed consent was obtained. Stop criteria were formulated if patients requested to stop for any given reason, or the investigator or treating physician was concerned about the safety of the patient. Study design At study entry (T 0), while continuing use of traditional Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical dopamine antagonist medication as prescribed by their psychiatrist, patients received a digital wristwatch and a set of ESM self-assessment forms collated in a booklet for each day. Ten times a day on 6 consecutive days, the watch Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical emitted a signal (beep) at unpredictable moments between 7:30a.m. and 10:30p.m. After each ‘beep’, patients were asked to stop their buy LY2109761 activity and fill out the ESM self-assessment forms previously handed out to them, collecting reports

of psychopathology and emotional experience. Patients were asked to complete their reports immediately after Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the beep, thus minimizing memory distortions, and to record the time at which they completed the form. After completion of the 6-day assessment, aripiprazole treatment was initialized in dosages of 15–30mg a day, titrated against clinical response. Simultaneously, dosage of previously prescribed antipsychotic

medication was gradually reduced over a 3-week period, to be discontinued altogether at the start of the fourth week of aripiprazole administration. After 5 weeks of aripiprazole Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical treatment, patients again completed a 6-day ESM assessment (T 1), while continuing aripiprazole therapy. No additional antipsychotic medication was administered during this final treatment phase. In order to estimate Digestive enzyme whether antipsychotic dosage increased or decreased after the treatment switch to aripiprazole, all antipsychotic medication dosages were additionally recalculated into chlorpromazine equivalent terms [Woods, 2003]. Throughout the study, any change in prescribed concomitant medication was discussed with the principal investigator and registered. Emotional experience Emotional experience was assessed with four positive affect items and seven negative affect items rated on seven-point Likert scales [rating from not at all (=1) to very (=7)], derived from the ESM booklets as described above.

On the other hand, CNTs can persist in the body for weeks, months, or even years, thus limiting their use for repeated treatments [15, 21]. If we talk about dendrimers, they are synthetic, branched macromolecules that form a treelike structure whose synthesis represents a relatively new field in polymer chemistry. Though promising, dendrimers are more expensive than other nanocarriers like CNTs and require many repetitive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical steps for synthesis, posing a challenge for large-scale

production [22]. In the recent years of research, reported data clearly reveals that CNTs have an enormous potential and possess high entrapment efficiency to carry the therapeutic molecule as earliest to the site of cancer cell without activating the immune system and damage to other viable cells although Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical toxicity issues related to CNTs are under research. This review highlights the insights of the CNTs and their potency in delivering the anticancer drugs to combat various metastatic cancer cells specifically. 2. Production of CNTs The production of CNTs complies with the transformation of a Raf inhibitor carbon source

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical into nanotubes, usually at high temperature and low pressure, wherein the synthesis conditions influence the characteristics of the final product. Since prepared CNTs are usually associated with carbonaceous or metallic impurities, therefore, purification is an essential step to be considered [23]. Methods of CNTs purification include chemical methods, particularly oxidation (gas phase [24], liquid phase [25]), physical methods (filtration [26], centrifugation [27], and high temperature annealing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical [28], etc.), and multistep purification Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical [29]. Presently, there are three main approaches

for the synthesis of CNTs (Figures ​(Figures22 and ​and3)3) including electric arc discharge, the laser ablation and the chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Figure 2 Schematic representation of methods used for carbon Dipeptidyl peptidase nanotube synthesis: (a) Arc discharge method, (b) chemical vapour deposition method, (c) laser ablation method. Figure 3 Mechanism of carbon nanotube synthesis: (a) Arc discharge method, (b) chemical vapor deposition method, and (c) laser ablation method. 2.1. Arc Discharge Method This method is the oldest method used by Iijima in 1991 when CNTs were first identified [1]. Figures 2(a) and 3(a) showed the synthesis of CNTs by arc discharge method. In this method, an arc is generated, when a DC current of 200A to 20V is applied across two carbon electrodes which are placed in a vacuum chamber that is typically filled with inert gas (Helium, argon) at low pressure (~50~700mbar). The positive electrode is gradually brought closer to the negative one to strike the electric arc.

These neurobiological measures appear to relate closely to pathophysiological, neuropathological, and clinical data, such as hyperphosphorylation of tau, abeta metabolism, lipid peroxidation, pattern and rate of atrophy, loss of neuronal integrity, functional and cognitive decline, as well as risk of future decline. On the neurochemical level, CSF concentration of Aβ42, tau, and Ptau can distinguish subjects with MCI who are likely to progress to AD. They also show preclinical alterations Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that predict later development of

early AD symptoms. Studies on plasma Aβ are not entirely consistent, but recent findings suggest that decreased plasma Aβ42 relative to Aβ40 may increase the risk of AD. Increased production of Aβ in aging is www.selleckchem.com/screening/protease-inhibitor-library.html suggested by elevation of BACE-1 protein and enzyme activity in the brain and CSF of subjects with MCI. CSF tau and P-tau are increased in MCI as well, and show predictive value, Other biomarkers may indicate components of a Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cascade initiated by Aβ, such as oxidative stress

or inflammation. Other interesting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical novel marker candidates derived from blood are being currently proposed (phase I). These merit further study in MCI and earlier stages. Manual hippocampal volumetry is currently the bestestablished biomarker for AD in the field of structural imaging, but due to the laborious nature of the procedure it will only be used in clinical studies for risk stratification of study populations and as an end point Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for treatment effects in the foreseeable future. Automated data-driven and rater- independent methods are currently being investigated to detect regional changes, namely VBM, DBM, and the measurement of cortical thickness. In the medium term, particularly in combination with multivariate statistical analysis methods, analysis algorithms are likely to be identified that are at least as effective Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as hippocampal volumetry in the early detection of AD in MCI subjects

and will therefore be used in pharmacological studies. However, if secondary preventive treatment approaches are approved in the coming years, the use of these kinds of automated methods for the early detection of AD will be of socioeconomic not importance in routine diagnostic practice as well. Besides structural neuroimaging, pilot studies using other neuroimaging approaches such as PET (FDG and PIB), DTI and MRS yielded promising results and should be prospectively applied to larger samples. Apart from hippocampal volumetry, whole-brain volumetry is currently being investigated as a secondary end point in several clinical studies, and other studies are beginning on whole brain volumetry; however, the validity of this marker is limited. PET has been used as an end point in single-center studies.

Therefore, we performed a retrospective population-based study to examine the use of NIV for ARF in the critically ill patients, in Olmsted County, Minnesota during the year of 2006. Methods We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study among

consecutively admitted adult (≥ 18years) patients with ARF at the Mayo Clinic medical and surgical ICUs in Rochester, MN, from January 1st 2006 to December 31st 2006. Olmsted county residents were identified based on the ZIP codes of their primary residence and verified with the REP database. The REP database is a medical record-linkage system, which links together the medical records of almost complete Olmsted County population, irrespective of any demographic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or regional characteristics [15,16]. If a patient had multiple hospital admissions, only the first ARF episode was considered for analysis. The study protocol was approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board. All eligible individuals who gave research authorization to review

their medical records for research were included. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Patients, who declined the use of their medical records for research, required invasive mechanical ventilation for less than 12 hours after surgical procedure and those who used CPAP WP1130 treatment for sleep apnea were excluded. Data abstraction and management Trained Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical critical care clinical and research fellows abstracted the data from the electronic medical records (EMR) using a standardized protocol. The causes of NIV use were identified according to the standard definitions. The data on demographics, code status preferences, underlying severity of pulmonary and nonpulmonary organ dysfunctions, ventilation type Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and interface (noninvasive, endotracheal tube or tracheostomy) were extracted from the EMR. The Multidisciplinary Epidemiology

and Translational Research Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in Intensive Care ICU datamart is an integrative database to extract ICU data from the hospital EMR [19]. Patient’s baseline characteristics, comorbidities and severity of illness (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE] III) scores, were collected from the EMR using the ICU datamart. Hemodynamic variables, fluid, drug infusion, Thymidine kinase laboratory parameters and ventilator settings were extracted from the ICU electronic database. All the relevant data from the patients’ medical records and bedside flow charts were reviewed from ICU admission to ICU discharge. The hospital mortality at discharge and hospital length of stay (LOS) was collected from the electronic database by manual chart review. Identification of noninvasive mechanical ventilation The use of NIV was defined as the acute need of positive pressure ventilatory support through a tightly fitted facial or nasal mask for more than one hour. Acute respiratory failure was defined as the acute need of IMV support for more than twelve hours or NIV including CPAP for more than one hour [20].

12 We found that there were some published articles that reported interactions between statins and other drugs.13 There are only few case reports in regards to the interaction between some statins (such as lovastatin and simvastatin) and levothyroxine.11,14 Demke et al reported that the addition of lovastatin to levothyroxine in a selleck chemicals llc hypothyroid patient resulted in reversible decrease and increase in the serum levels of thyroxine and increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone, respectively.11 Also, there were two case reports of interaction between simvastatin and thyroxine. The first one was a 75-year-old hypothyroid woman whose thyroid Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical status was well-controlled

with levothyroxine (800 µg/wk). Because

of hypercholesterolemia she began taking simvastatin (10 mg/d). Afterwards, she gradually felt tired, complained of abdominal pain, and had an increased serum level of TSH and a lower than normal limit of FT4. Increasing the dose of levothyroxine to 900 µg/week did not lead to the improvement in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the patient’s symptoms. After discontinuation of simvastatin, the symptoms of the case resolved slowly, and the TSH level returned to normal.14 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The second case was a man (81 years old) whose TSH levels increased to 11.76 IU/L, and FT4 was lower than normal levels. Therefore, thyroxine at 50 µg/d was prescribed for him. In addition, the patient started receiving simvastatin at 10 mg/d. After one week of treatment, serum levels of TSH continued to increase up to 23.9 IU/L. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical However, four weeks after simvastatin discontinuation TSH serum concentrations decreased to the normal range, with no need to make a change in the throxine dosage.14 Sometimes drug interactions can cause failure in the thyroxine therapy of hypothyroid patients. There are some interactions between levothyroxine,

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical namely interfering in the absorption of levothyroxine.7-9 The present study showed that serum levels of TSH and FT4 in the hypothyroid patients under treatment of levothyroxine did not change Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase after simvastatin use. Demke et al suggested that lovastatin might have caused the gastrointestinal absorption of thyroxine.11 Kisch et al suggested that excess formation of CYP 3A4 in the liver by simvastatin can be the cause of increased thyroxine catabolism.14 All patients who referred to the Clinic were asked to observe a space of at least 4 hours between administration of levothyroxine and simvastatin, so it’s unlikely that simvastatin could cause a decrease in the absorption of levothyroxine. If there had been an interaction between levothyroxine and simvastatin, serum levels of FT4 should have been decreased after simvastatin administration. However, the findings did not show any significant change in FT4 after simvastatin administration.

2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials Olmesartan medoxomil was received as a gift sample from Alembic Pharma Ltd., Baroda, India. The following materials were gifted by Abitec Corp., USA and were used as received: Capmul MCM (Glyceryl monocaprylate), Acconon C-80 (Polyoxyethylene 80 coconut glycerides), Captex 200 (Propylene glycol dicaprylocaprate),

and Captex 355 (Glyceryl tricaprylate). Plurol Oleique (Polyglyceryl-3 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical dioleate), Labrafil M 2125CS (Linoleyl macrogol-6 glycerides), and Lauroglycol 90 (Propylene glycol monolaurate) were received as gift sample from Gattefosse, France. Acrysol K 140 (Polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil) and Acrysol EL 135 (Polyoxyl 35 castor oil) were procured as a gift Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical samples from Corel Pharma Chem., Ahmedabad, India. Fujicalin (Dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous) and Neusilin (Magnesium aluminometasilicate) were obtained as gift sample from Fuji Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Japan. 2.2. Solubility Studies Solubility of olmesartan medoxomil was determined Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in various nonvolatile solvents. Two mL of each component was taken in screw cap vials with known quantity (200mg) of excess drug. After sealing, vials were kept on isothermal mechanical shaker at 37 ± 2°C for 72 hours. After equilibrium, each test tube

was centrifuged at 6000rpm for 20 minutes. Supernatant was filtered through membrane filter using 0.45μm filter Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disk. Filtered solution was appropriately diluted with methanol, and UV absorbances were measured at 257nm wavelength. Concentration of dissolved drug was determined using standard equation. 2.3. Measuring Angle of Slide This experiment was designed to measure the flowable liquid retention potential (-value)

for Avicel PH 102, Fujicalin and Neusilin (carrier Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical material, Ca), and Aerosil (ABT-378 solubility dmso coating material, Co) and the optimum liquid load factor (Lf). The -value of a powder is the maximum amount of given nonvolatile liquid that can be retained inside powder bulk (w/w) while maintaining acceptable flowability, whereas Lf is the mass ratio (w/w) of the liquid medication to the carrier powder in the liquisolid formulation. Powder admixtures containing 5g of either carrier or coating with increasing quantity of nonvolatile liquid vehicle (Acrysol EL 135) were mixed from using a mortar and pestle. Each admixture was then placed on a shiny metal plate; the plate was then tilted until the admixture slides. The angle formed between the plate and the horizontal surface, at which admixture slides were measured as angle of slide (θ). The flowable liquid retention potential was calculated using the following equation: φ-Value=Weight  of  nonvolatile  liquidWeight  of  carrier  or  coat. (1) Each admixture has specific -values which were determined and plotted against respective measured angle of slide for all nonvolatile liquid vehicles.