Staging of the cycle into estrus and diestrus was based on the cytology of the vaginal smear. All rats were killed between 10 00 a. m. and 12 00 noon and the uteri were collected and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for storage at ?80 C until further analysis. Immature rats injected with gonadotropin selleck chemical were used for the contrac tion study. All procedures had been approved by the Committee on the Use of Live Animals for Teaching and Research, the University of Hong Kong. RT PCR of Imd, Crlr, and Ramps Total RNA of the uterus was obtained by homogenization in TRIZOL reagent using a polytron and subjected to RT PCR. RNA samples were reverse transcribed into complementary DNA with the SuperScript II reverse transcriptase. The real time RT PCR technique Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries has been previously described.

Polymerase chain reactions were conducted Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries by an iCycler iQ real time PCR de tection system using iQ SYBR Green Supermix. Three house keeping genes were tested and B actin was used as an internal standard based on its uniform expression across the groups. Standard curves for each primer pair were prepared by the serial dilution of cDNA to determine the PCR efficiency. The PCR efficiencies for Imd, Crlr, Ramp1, Ramp2, Ramp3 and Actb were all above 0. 95. The relative gene expression levels were then analyzed by The where Ct is the cycle threshold. The reaction mixtures contained 10 ul iQ SYBR Green Supermix, 2 ul template cDNA, 100 nM of each primer, and DNase free water to a final volume of 20 ul. Cycle conditions were 95 C for 5 min, followed by a maximum of 40 cycles of 95 C for 15 sec, 59 C for 15 sec, and 72 C for 15 sec, and extension at 72 C for 10 minutes.

The reaction was completed with a dissoci ation step for melting point analysis with 50 C to 95 C for 10 sec each. The design of the primers Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries was based on the published sequences. Melt curve analysis for each primer showed only one peak for each product. The identities of all the PCR products Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries were confirmed by gene sequencing. Measurement of IMD in the uterus Each tissue sample was homogenized in 3 ml 2N acetic acid and then boiled for 10 min. A 50 ul aliquot was taken for the protein assay and the remaining hom ogenate was centrifuged at 18600 X g for 20 min at 4 C. The supernatants were all lyophilized and stored at ?20 C until assay. The lyophilized tissue samples were reconstituted in 1X IMD assay buffer.

IMD level Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries was measured with an IMD EIA kit. The minimum detectable concen tration was 0. 26 ngml and the range was 0 100 ngml. The intra Tofacitinib Citrate JAK assay and inter assay coefficients of variation were 10% and 15% respectively. The amount of protein in each sample was measured with a protein assay reagent spectrophotometrically at 595 nm. The immunoreactive IMD was expressed as pgmg protein. Gel filtration chromatography of the uterus The tissues were extracted with a polytron in 1N acetic acid on ice. A 50 ul aliquot of the homogenate was stored at ?20 C until protein assay.

On the other hand, inhibition of aPKC in cells may have other additional effects on HIV 1 replication cycle learn more rather than Gag phosphorylation for the Vpr incorporation. To observe the specific effect of aPKC on Gag phosphorylation, we created Gag and Vpr mutants devoid of the effect of aPKC and these mutants were less competent Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in virus replication. However, aPKC may regu late other cellular function directing HIV replication. Al though our current data clearly demonstrate a crucial role of aPKC in Gag Ser487 phosphorylation and interaction Gag Vpr to Vpr incorporation, further detailed analyses may be necessary to clarify the molecular signature of Gag p6 phosphorylation on multiple stages of the HIV 1 repli cation cycle. We show from our current experiments that Gag Ser487 phosphorylation has a significant impact on p6 Vpr binding.

Vpr is a non structural viral protein that is incorporated into virions and possesses several charac teristic features and functions that are known to play im portant roles in HIV 1 replication and disease progression. The Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries presence Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of a functional Vpr in viral particles is necessary for the efficient translocation of the pre integration complex into the nucleus and subse quent infection of primary monocytesmacrophages and other non dividing cells. Vpr also has a crucial role in viral replication, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and in the down regulation of immune activation. Many Vpr functions are carried out by virion associated Vpr, suggesting that the incorporation of Vpr into virus particles is an important event not only in HIV 1 replication but also in HIV 1 mediated cyto pathogenesis.

Several previous reports have indicated Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries that p6 is phos Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries phorylated during HIV 1 infection. However, these studies did not undertake any detailed investigation of the biological significance of this inhibitor Gemcitabine phosphorylation event through biochemical or structural analyses. Our current computer assisted structural modeling and AlphaScreen homogenous proximity assays have revealed that the phosphorylated Gag at Ser487 binds more stably to Vpr whereas there was no significant difference in the inter action of Gag p6 with Alix, consistent with previous reports. The phosphorylation of Ser487 can create another hydrogen bond between Gag Ser487 and Vpr Gln44. In consistent with this data a previous study indi cated that the site specific deletion of Gln44 resulted in the significant reduction of Vpr incorporation into virions. We also demonstrate that Gag phosphorylation at Ser487 affects Vpr incorporation and this process could be mediated by Gln44 residue of Vpr. We show in our current study that Gag phosphoryl ation on Ser487 itself does not affect the binding affinity of Gag with Alix.

A variety of factors are known to induce Src and FAK activation. VEGF is one of the molecules that can stimulate the phosphorylation of FAK through Src family activation. To determine whether Src www.selleckchem.com/products/PF-2341066.html and/or FAK can be activated when glioma cells are treated with conditioned medium, first we investigated the activation status of VEGF Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries receptor 2 after treatment with IR CM. As shown in Figure 5A, treatment of U251 glioma cells with IR CM enhanced phosphorylated VEGFR2 at both Y996 and Y1059. Increased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 was miti gated by adding VEGF antibody in IR CM. To determine the effects of VEGF in IR CM on down stream signaling of VEGFR2, we investigated the status of Src and FAK phosphorylation with IR CM treatment. In Figure 5B, treatment of U251 glioma cells with IR CM enhanced phosphorylation of Src kinase at Y461.

Moreover, after 16 h of incubation of GBM glioma cells with IR CM, U251 cells also expressed increased phosphorylation of FAK at both Y861 and Y925. To determine whether the enhancement of phosphorylation of Src and FAK in Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries response to IR CM was due to the effects of VEGF in IR CM, anti VEGF antibody was added to IR CM. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Anti VEGF antibody in IR CM effec tively blocked Src and FAK phosphorylation. Taken together, our data show VEGF in IR CM can phosphorylate VEGFR2, leading to a VEGFR2 mediated downstream signaling cascade, thereby mediating enhanced cellular invasion and migration in GBM tumor cells. Discussion Cytokines are released in response to a diverse range of cellular stresses such as infection, inflammation and injury, and regulate a variety of cellular functions.

It has been reported that alteration of cytokines can change cellular interactions. VEGF is an important angiogenic factor Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and induces a potent mito genic signal for endothelial cells by binding VEGFRs on endothelial cells. Expression of VEGFRs, however, has also been identified Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in other cell types, including glio blastoma cell lines. These data suggest that, in addi tion to angiogenic function, VEGF may affect the function of cancer cells that express VEGFRs. In the present study, we evaluated the alteration of the extracellular VEGF concentration in two GBM cell lines in response to a range of radiation doses. VEGF concentra tion in each cell line after radiation increased and showed a peak level at conventional daily radiation doses.

Y-27632 DOCA With higher doses, however, we found that VEGF concentration did not further increase. Our results are similar to another study, which showed increased VEGF levels in conditioned medium 24 h after radiation but the increase did not occur in a radiation dose dependent manner. Moreover, increased VEGF levels in IR CM resulted from radiation induced increased VEGF tran scription in glioma cells. These results suggest that glioma cells produce and secrete VEGF after a con ventional dose of radiation.

Gene expression status at the protein and mRNA levels in both xenograft and spontaneous breast tumors were detected by western blot assays and real time PCR. As indicated in Figure 5A left panel, first row kinase inhibitor Ruxolitinib and Figure 5B left panel, GE treatment alone and combin ation treatment of GE and TAM induced Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries significant ER protein re expression in mice breast xenografts. Consistently, ER mRNA level, was sistent with its expression at the mRNA level. In terms of the expression status of DNMT1 and HDAC1, dietary Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries GE caused a gradual reduction of the expression of these enzymes at the protein and mRNA levels in both tested mouse mod els, especially when GE and TAM were acting together. These results indicate that epigenetic mechan isms may contribute to GE induced ER re activation leading to increased sensitivity of TAM therapy toward intractable ER negative breast cancer.

Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Epigenetic enzymatic activities changes in response to GE and TAM treatment in vivo Our observations on expression changes of DNMT1 and HDAC1 indicated that GE alone or combined with TAM treatment led to a significant decrease in expression of these two important epigenetic enzymes. We next sought to investigate whether this reduced expression can result in direct enzymatic activ ities changes in vivo that may contribute to epigenetic mechanisms modulated gene expression alteration such as ER re activation. We assessed the epigenetic enzym atic activities of HDACs and DNMTs in both xenograft and spontaneous breast tumors.

As shown in Figure 7A, both GE and TAM treatment alone and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in combination r than spon taneous breast tumors, suggesting that GE exposure time could be a key factor influencing TAM induced epigenetic regulation. However, as to DNMTs activity shown in Figure 7B, only GE treatment caused a slight inhibition suggesting that dietary GE treatment is pri marily mediated through histone remodeling rather than DNA methylation, which is consistent with our previous in vitro studies. We found that TAM, acting as an anti hormone Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries drug, may exert its anti cancer properties by interacting with epigenetic modulators such as DNMTs or HDACs. This may explain our previous results indicating that TAM enhanced GE induced anti cancer properties through, at least in part, ER reactivation. TAM may influence epigenetic pathways that facilitate the epigenetic effects of GE leading to ER activation.

These results suggest an important synergistic inter action between GE and TAM against ER negative breast cancer. In summary, our results indicate that dietary GE may affect ER expression via modulating epigenetic pathways, especially, histone modification. In addition, dietary GE reinforced TAM caused anti cancer effects thenthereby through increased therapeutic target via up regulated ER and po tential interaction between these two compounds resulting in epigenetic modulations of more relevant genes.

Recombinant mouse IGF 1 or MH S macrophage selleck chemicals Bicalutamide condi tioned media was sufficient to stimulate the proliferation of neoplastic LM2, JF32 and E9 cells and non neoplastic E10 cells. The degree of growth stimu lated by 50 ng/mL IGF 1 was similar to that of M CM in each line. These results confirm that IGF 1 alone can stimulate the growth of long estab lished neoplastic and non neoplastic cell lines, as well as cells isolated more recently from primary mouse lung tumors, consistent with previous reports on human cancer cell lines. In order to determine any relevant role of EGFR in mediating macrophage stimu lated tumor cell proliferation in these cell lines, recom binant mouse EGF was added at 2 ng/mL. This is roughly 500 times the reported EC50 for growth stimula tion and 20 times higher than levels found in the BALF from tumor bearing animals.

Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries EGF had no significant effect on tumor cell proliferation when added alone, and did not significantly affect the ability of either IGF 1 or M CM to stimulate neoplastic growth. This is not surprising in view of recent studies showing that EGFR inhibitors Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries do not inhibit growth of lung cells with KRAS mutations. As IGF 1 was sufficient to induce neoplastic prolifera tion, we determined whether the IGF 1 and M CM growth effects were additive. A dose of 50 ng/ml IGF 1 stimulated neoplastic growth to a similar extent as M CM . 2 ng/mL IGF is the reported EC50 for IGF 1 stimulated proliferation in vitro as well as the concentration detected in the BALF of tumor bearing mice in vivo.

Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries IGF 1 dose depen dently stimulated the proliferation of both Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries LM2 and JF32 cells, and augmented the growth stimulating effects of M CM when added in combination. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries To determine if IGF 1R signaling mediates both IGF 1 and M CM sti mulation, lung cancer cells were pre treated with vehicle or 5 uM NVP AEW541, and cell numbers determined as indicated. IGF 1 and M CM each significantly increased cell numbers after 48 and 72 hrs, while pharmacological inhibition of IGF 1R signaling blocked IGF 1 and M CM growth effects in both neoplastic lines. Parallel comparison of MTS values indicated a highly significant correlation between live cell numbers and relative MTS scores. Furthermore, both IGF 1 and M CM increased the fraction of BrdU LM2 cells 12 24 hrs after treatment, corresponding with significantly increased cell numbers.

These observa tions suggest that IGF 1, but not EGF, plays a major role in macrophage stimulated neoplastic growth in vitro, consistent with the elevated IGF 1 levels observed in lung tumor bearing animals in vivo. M CM stimulation of neoplastic growth is diminished when IGF 1 content is decreased In order http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cisplatin.html to determine if IGF 1 was a molecular mediator directly responsible for growth stimulated by M CM, we decreased M CM IGF 1 content through two indepen dent avenues immuno depletion and siRNA interference.

Background The cell cycle is comprised of a series of highly coordi nated events culminating in cell growth and protocol division. Cyclin dependent kinases and their cyclin coun terparts strictly regulate and drive cell cycle progression and different CDK/cyclin complexes are responsible for the timely occurrence of each phase transition in order to maintain genetic integrity throughout generations. Cancer cells have been frequently found to have a de regulated CDK activity allowing them to escape the nor mal cell cycle and proliferate uncontrollably. For these reasons CDKs have been considered attractive targets for cancer therapy and several CDK inhibitors have been developed and are under intense investigation.

R Roscovitine, one of the most promising members of the CDK inhibitor family, is an orally available adeno sine analogue prominently targeting CDK2 with a low off target effect on other members of the human kinome, and a nice toxicity profile. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries In preclinical studies Roscovitine has shown significant in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity on a wide panel of human cancers and is currently in phase II clinical trials. Since preclinical experimentation, it has become evident that, CDK inhibitors, such as Roscovitine, may actually curb the activity of DNA repair machinery, hence becoming an attractive candidate for therapeutic asso ciation with either radiation therapy or genotoxic Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries agent based chemotherapy. However, the mechan ism of this inhibition is still elusive.

One of the proposed means for CDK inhibitors to affect DNA repair is through checkpoint deregulation, but increasing evidence supports a complex net work of direct interactions Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries between individual CDKs and proteins that play a key role in DNA damage repair. It is known that different DNA repair pathways are preferentially activated at specific stages of the cell cycle possibly suggesting a functional crosstalk between CDK/cyclin complexes and DNA repair mechanisms. In particular, CDK2 has been shown to interact with p53, BRCA1, BRCA2, Ku70 and both, CDK1 and CDK2, can modulate BRCA1 BARD1 activity. Moreover, CDK2 knock down cells have an attenuated capacity to repair DNA damage suggest ing a pivotal role for CDK2 in DDR. Given the ability of CDKs to Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries compensate for each other in Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries vivo, overall CDK activity has been proposed to be influential in DDR regulation however CDK2 function seems to have a specific role in some survival pathways.

Cyclins, similarly to CDKs, have been correlated to DDR. Cyclin E levels are upregulated under genotoxic stress conditions and a post translational cleavage generates an 18 amino acid read more peptide, which has been shown to interact with Ku70 promoting the release of the pro apoptotic factor Bax from the inactivating complex Bax/Ku70. Moreover, an increasing amount of data suggests an important role in DDR for the A type cyclins, and in particular for cyclin A1.

Celecoxib activates apoptotic proteins more BAD,caspases and PARP,followed by cell apoptosis and reduced tumour cell proliferation. Anti tumour selleck chem inhibitor mechanisms of COX 2 inhibitors also Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries include inhibition of tumour angiogenesis,inhi bition of prostaglandin induced immunosuppressive activity and increased DNA damage reduced DNA repair capacity. Peroxidation of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins by COX generates reactive oxygen species and free radicals,which induce DNA damage and tumour igenicity. Inhibition Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of COX by COX inhibitors aspi rin,nimesulide,rofecoxib and celecoxib protects DNA from oxidative damage by scavenging hydroxyl radicals and superoxide in vitro in non tumour models. However,prevention of DNA damage by COX inhibitors has not been reported in tumour cells.

Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries In con trast,aspirin significantly induces DNA damage of HT 29 human colon carcinoma,whereas Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries celecoxib causes DNA damage in MCa 35 murine mammary and A549 human lung cancer cells. Whether COX 2 inhibitors induce DNA damage in glioblastoma cells is unclear. Mutational inactivation of the tumour suppressor gene p53 is frequently found in human tumours,with p53 mutation inactiva tion reported in 63 65% of high grade gliomas. Induction of DNA damage initiates a cascade of signalling with p53 activation and subsequent transcriptional activation of p53 response genes,thus provoking cell cycle arrest and or apoptosis. Genotoxic stress caused by DNA damag ing agents also induce p53 dependent autophagy,the type II programmed cell death characterised by the for mation of cytosolic double membrane vesicles that engulf cellular content by diges tion,when fused with lysosomes.

The mechanisms of p53 dependent induction of autophagy are not fully understood,but are thought to involve both the transcrip tion independent Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries functions Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and transcription dependent functions. Anti tumour mechanisms by COX inhibition have been shown to be either p53 dependent Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries or p53 independent Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in various cancer and non cancer cells. The anti proliferative mechanism of COX 2 inhibitors underpin by autophagy induction in tumours is unclear. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries To date,only one recent report suggests that celecoxib Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries induces both autophagy and apoptosis,medi ated by P glycoprotein independent of p53 mechanisms,in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

The role of p53 in celecoxib induced autophagy and celecoxib find more information induced anti proliferative responses clearly needs to be verified.

In this study,we investigated whether the anti prolif erative response induced CT99021 by celecoxib was dependent on the presence of functional p53 and b whether celecoxib induced DNA damage resulted in p53 dependent G1 cell cycle arrest,followed by apoptosis or autophagy. We stud ied the effect of celecoxib in human glioblastoma cells with various p53 status,U87MG cells with high and low levels of p53,LN229 and U373MG cells.

Al though DNA hypermethylation and the silencing of tumor suppressor genes has http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html been this website the focus of such stud references ies, a recent study in prostate cancer has shown that DNA hypomethylation can occur in distinct pattern due to longe range epigenetic remodelling. 35 activated Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries domains harbouring Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries cancer Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries related genes were identified present on nearly all chromosomes among them region Xq28 on the X chromosome. As L1CAM and CT X antigens are often expressed in tumors and are located in close vicinity on the X chromosome it was of interest to investigate whether the regulation of these genes has similarities. Besides the methylation status of the re spective promoter region, the configuration Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of the chro matin is also important.

The chromatin can be modified by either histone acetyltransferases or HDACs, which are involved in post transcriptional Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries modification of his tone proteins, resulting in chromatin remodelling. Here we Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries observed that L1CAM and CT X antigens NY ESO Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries 1 and MAGE A3/4 are equally sensitive to DNA methylation changes but differ in response to TSA induced regulation. CT X antigens are a group of pro teins that appear to be expressed only in germ cells, trophoblasts Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and various tumour types such as in carcin omas of bladder, lung, ovary and liver. Many CT genes have been identified so far, and they can be generally grouped into those, encoded on the X chromosome and those not encoded on the X chromosome.

Fre quently, tumours tend to co express several CT X genes.

In human tumours Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the aberrant expression of the CT genes Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries which are normally epigenetically Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries silenced dur ing vertebrate Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries development are up regulated by al teration in the genetic imprinting of the X chromosomal regions. Epigenetic mechanisms, i. e. an increased histone acetylation and a reduced DNA methylation are involved in the aberrant activation of CT genes. We found that in L1CAM high expressing Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries EC cell lines the promoter 1 was hypomethylated whereas in low/negative cells this was not. Hypomethylation in the L1CAM promoter could influence the binding of tran scription factors such as B catenin/TCF LEF Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and SLUG that are known to be involved in the regulation of L1CAM expression.

In contrast to the EC cell lines, a clear cut difference in L1CAM promoter methylation of ex vivo tumor tis sues was selleck bio not found.

Instead, we observed a high inter individual variability of promoter methylation.

In areas selleckchem Trichostatin A positive or negative for L1CAM within the same tumor no consistent differences were observed. Only in 3 out of 10 paired tumor samples from various EC types a ten dency for hypomethylation in L1CAM Ivacaftor cystic fibrosis positive tumor areas was noted. These findings contrast to the report by Kato et al. The authors analysed colorectal carcinoma cell lines and tumor tissues and found a good correlation between L1CAM immunoreactivity and methylation status. It should be noted that the au thors did not compare L1CAM positive and negative parts of the same tumor.

In the study of Shen and Qin a p. V600K mutation was overlooked selleck chemical Alisertib by visual inspection but was detected using pyrosequencing data analysis soft ware. Using software tools and a customer designed assay set up can avoid such problems. Besides, it allows the detection of a broader spectrum of mutations and reduces the costs down to one quarter. Allele specific PCR The cobas 4800 BRAF V600 test is the only CE IVD marked test used in this study. The CE IVD mark indi cates that this test meets essential requirements regarding safety, health and environmental protection. 60 out of 82 tumor samples were analyzed with the cobas BRAF V600 test. All samples showed a valid result. The allele specific PCR used in this test generates an amplicon of 116 base pairs containing codon 600 in exon 15 of the BRAF gene.

Amplification curves are Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries shown only for the mutant and the wildtype control but not for the samples analyzed and a non template control is not provided. Data are analyzed when mutant and wildtype Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries controls have a valid status. A re port is generated automatically Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and results can be distin guished between mutation detected and mutation not detected. This test is specific for the p. V600E mutation with a reported sensitivity of 5% mutated alleles in a background of wildtype alleles. Limit of detection in our preselected cohort was 7% mutant alleles in a back ground of wildtype alleles. 36 of 37 p. V600E mutations were detected with the cobas BRAF V600 test. One case with a border line frequency of 5% of mutated alleles using pyrosequencing could not be detected.

But it should be taken into account that we extracted the DNA with our standard in house method and not with the recommended kit. This may influence the test results. Furthermore, the marked area on the HE stained slide contained many lymphocytes diluting the p. V600E alleles. Curry et al. showed Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries an even lower limit of detection of 4. 4% mutated alleles per 1. 25 ng/ul on FFPE tissues for the p. V600E mutation. In contrast, Lade Keller et al. performed a dilution series of p. V600E mutated DNA followed by analysis on the cobas 4800 BRAF V600 test. This test was not able to detect a p. V600E mutation on the dilution point that theoretically Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries contained 10% mutant alleles. Analysis have shown cross reactivity with p. V600E2, p. V600K and p. V600D but not with p. V600R mutation.

In our cohort, the www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html cobas BRAF V600 test showed cross reactivity five times in p. V600K mutated samples containing 59, 61, twice 62 and 64% of mutated alleles using pyrosequencing. One p. V600K mutation with a frequency of 57% that is above the described cross reactivity, was not detected by the cobas 4800 BRAF V600 test. Furthermore, several additional cases with a mutation frequency below the described limit of detection were missed in our study case 9 showed a frequency of 6. 6% for p. V600K, case 36 25% for the same mutation and case 24 an allele frequency of 46% for the p. V600E2 mutation.