The Km is used to assess the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate and the results showed that alkaline trypsin from A. gigas have a similar affinity for BApNA, when compared with other species of fish and mammals, except for spotted goatfish (Pseudupeneus www.selleckchem.com/products/r428.html maculatus) ( Souza et al., 2007) and Monterey sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea) ( Castillo-Yáñez, Pacheco-Aguilar, Garcia-Carreño, & Toro, 2005). The catalysis rate (kcat – enzymatic reactions catalysed per second) of the purified

enzyme is also similar to the values found for the trypsin from other animals, except for brownstripe red snapper (L. vitta) ( Khantaphant & Benjakul, 2010). Moreover, the ability of A. gigas trypsin to catalyse the transformation of substrate into product (kcat/Km) varied, to different extents, in comparison with the results found for trypsins from other animals ( Table 2). The effect of pH on pirarucu trypsin activity was evaluated and is shown in Fig. 2A and B. The GDC-0199 solubility dmso enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 9.0, although more than 80% of its maximum activity was observed in the pH range 8.0–10.0. The loss of enzyme activity at pH values outside optimum pH is probably due to protein conformational changes caused by repulsion of charges (Klomklao et al., 2009a). The purified protease was stable over a large pH range, from 6–11.5 (Fig. 2B). This indicates that the conformational change, caused

by the charge repulsion in this pH range, is reversible. In general, trypsins of aquatic organisms are active and stable in a pH range from 7.5 to 10.0, being during able to hydrolyse various substrates (De Vecchi

& Coppes, 1996). This feature of fish proteases, such as the pirarucu trypsin, suggests the possibility of its use as an additive in detergents formulations, since detergent formulations use enzymes that are active in high alkaline pH ranges. Similar results were found for optimum pH and stability of trypsins from other fish, such as: Eleginus gracilis (pH 8.0 and pH 6.0–10.0, respectively) and Gadus macrocephalus (pH 8.0 and pH 7.0–10.0, respectively) Fuchise et al. (2009), Theragra chalcogramma (pH 8.0 and pH 6–11, respectively) ( Kishimura, Klomklao, Benjakul, & Chun, 2008), S. pilchardus (pH 8.0 and pH 6–9.0, respectively) ( Bougatef et al., 2007), P. maculatus (pH 9.0) ( Souza et al., 2007), S. sagax caerulea (pH 8.0 and pH 7.0–8.0, respectively) ( Castillo-Yáñez et al., 2005), O. niloticus (pH 8.0) ( Bezerra et al., 2005) and C. macropomum (pH 9.5) ( Bezerra et al., 2001). The effect of temperature on purified trypsin activity was evaluated and is shown in Fig. 2C and D. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity at a temperature of 65 °C and was stable in the temperature range 25–55 °C for 30 min, losing only about 10% of its activity at 60 °C. According to Klomklao et al. (2005), most of the alkaline proteases from aquatic organisms are stable and active under adverse conditions, i.e. temperatures from 50 to 60 °C.