, 2005, Ayotte et al., 2005 and Dhooge et al., 2006). For that purpose, dioxin-responsive cell lines (DR CALUX®) were developed in which expression of luciferase is mediated by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). CALUX® bioassays that are responsive to estrogens (ER CALUX®) or androgens (AR CALUX®)

seem particularly interesting with respect to endocrine disruption of selleck compound reproductive hormones. So far, the ER CALUX® and AR CALUX® have predominantly been used to study receptor-activating abilities of individual chemicals (Meerts et al., 2001, Schreurs et al., 2005 and Hamers et al., 2006) or mixtures of chemicals in e.g. environmental samples (Houtman et al., 2006, Van der Linden et al., 2008 and Wenger et al., 2008). In two epidemiologic studies, the ER CALUX® and AR CALUX® were used to determine estrogenic and androgenic activities of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) extracted from male serum samples (Pliskova et al., 2005 and Kruger et al., 2008). In addition, a recent publication find more by Pederson and colleagues, describes ER CALUX® and AR CALUX® measurements of maternal and fetal plasma samples after methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)

extraction, and their associations with internal levels of dioxin-like substances (Pedersen et al., 2010). To our knowledge, the ER CALUX® and AR CALUX® bioassays have not previously been used to study estrogenic and androgenic activities in total human plasma, containing all prevalent xenobiotics and endogenous hormones (see Fig. 1). In this model, an elevated or reduced estrogenic or androgenic Casein kinase 1 activity could result from interference of xenobiotics with the bioavailability of endogenous hormones and/or their ability to activate or block hormone receptors within

the cell. Such measurements could provide biologically relevant summary estimates for endocrine disruption. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the effects of a variety of sources of potential endocrine disruptors, including occupational exposures, smoking, personal care products, living environment, and diet, as well as the effects of potential determinants such as age and weight on the estrogenic and androgenic activities in total plasma measured by CALUX® bioassays, which would provide ideas about the applicability of these measurements for epidemiologic studies. Subjects were selected from a population of men who participated in a case–referent study on risk factors for hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Cases with hypospadias and cryptorchidism were compared to a referent population of boys with persistent middle ear effusion, for which they received ear ventilation tubes. In 2005, the fathers of cases and referents completed postal questionnaires covering a wide range of potential risk factors, including exposure to potential endocrine disruptors through diet, work, or leisure time activities. Based on these questionnaire data, 135 fathers were selected for the present study.