Prior patient consent and approval from the Institutional Research Ethics Committee were obtained to use these clinical materials for research purposes. Clinical information on these samples is described in Table 1. Percentage tumor purity in sections adjacent to the regions used for RNA extraction was estimated during routine histopathological analysis. Normal lung tissues were obtained from First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University by collecting donations from individuals who died in traffic accidents and were confirmed to be free of any prior pathologically detectable conditions. The tumors were staged according

to the 7th edition of the Cancer Stage Manual written www.selleckchem.com/products/beta-nicotinamide-mononucleotide.html by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) [11]. Table 1 Clinicopathologic characteristics of studied patient and expression of SOX9 in NSCLC   No. (%) Gender   Male 103(72.5) Female 39(27.5) Age (years)   ≤ 65 89(62.7) >65 53(37.3) Pathology   Squamous cell carcinoma

47(33.1) Adenocarcinoma 68(47.9) Adenosquamous carcinoma Cediranib cost 27(19.0) NSCLC histology (AJCC grade)   I 32(22.5) II 25(17.6) III 58(40.8) IV 27(19.0) Survival (n = 89)   Alive 33(37.1) Dead 56(62.9) Survial time of low expression      Mean 31.70      Median 28.50   Survival time of high expression      Mean 24.84      Median 24.00   Expression of SOX9   Negative 7(4.9) Positive 135(95.1) Low expression 68(47.9) High expression 74(52.1) RNA extraction and HM781-36B ic50 Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction Total RNA from cultured cells was extracted using the TRIzol reagent Carbohydrate (Invitrogen) and purified using the purelink RNA

Mini Kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to quantify the change of SOX9 mRNA level in lung cancer cell lines compared with that in normal human pneumonocytes. Real-time RT-PCR primers and probes for SOX9 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were designed with the assistance of the Primer Express version 2.0 software (Applied Biosystems). Primer sequences SOX9 forward primer: 5′-CGAAATCAACGAGAAACTGGAC-3′, SOX9 reverse primer: 5′-ATTTAGCACACTGATCACACG-3′, SOX9 probe 5′-(FAM) CCATCATCCTCCACGCTTGCTCTG (TAMRA)-3′, GAPDH forward primer: 5′-GACTCATGACCACAGTCCATGC-3′, GAPDH reverse primer: 5′-AGAGGCAGGGATGATGTTCTG-3′, GAPDH probe 5′-(FAM) CATCACTGCCACCCAGAAGACTGTG (TAMRA)-3′. Expression data were normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH and calculated as 2-[(Ct of gene) - (Ct of GAPDH)], where Ct represents the threshold cycle for each transcript. Western blotting Cells were harvested in sampling buffer and boiled for 10 min. The procedure was perfomed similarly to previously described methods [12]. Protein concentration was determined with the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay (Pierce, Rockford, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.