With no gear restrictions or catch limits, sharks have been systematically harvested since the 1980s from Raja Ampat, Kaimana and other parts of the BHS mainly for their high-valued fins, often without licenses and mostly by outsiders from Buton, Seram, Suluwesi and Halmahera (Varkey et al., 2010). The price of shark fins has increased more than ten-fold between 2002 and 2012 from USD$5–8/kg to USD $82–118/kg (McKenna et al., 2002; J. Fudge, KU-60019 price personal communication), providing a strong incentive for overharvesting. Underwater visual

census (UVC) data from the last 2 to 3 years in 6 MPAs in Raja Ampat showed there are very few reef sharks present in the regency. For example, only 6 sharks in Kofiau and Boo Islands MPA were recorded during 26 days of UVC surveys in 2011 (TNC, unpublished data). While these numbers are very low compared to other tropical reefs, there are signs of recovery with an increased number of black-tip sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) sighted by communities patrolling no-take zones in Kawe and Southeast Misool MPAs and recorded in UVC surveys (CI and TNC, unpublished data). The Raja Ampat government is preparing a local law that will ban shark harvesting in its regency waters, which if passed, will be the Apoptosis inhibitor first large-scale shark ban for Indonesia. Despite the widespread

depletion of reef sharks, the BHS still maintains healthy populations of several shark species that are not targeted for their fins, including tasseled wobbegongs (Eucrossorhinus dasypogon) and the three species of epaulette or “walking” sharks (Hemiscyllium freycineti, Hemiscyllium galei, and Hemiscyllium henryi) considered endemic to the BHS ( Allen and Erdmann, 2008). There are also consistent sightings of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) in Cendrawasih Bay and Kaimana, often associated with lift net (‘bagan’) fisheries that target anchovy aggregations. While whale sharks are Reverse transcriptase sighted year round in Cendrawasih Bay, it is not known if these represent a resident or migratory population. In 2011, up to 26 whale sharks (ca. 8–10 m in length)

at a time were sighted in Nabire regency in Cendrawasih (C. Hitipeuw, personal observations), and 16 individuals were observed in the Iris Strait in Kaimana (D. Pada, personal observations). The observed annual increase in the number of lift net fishers operating in the BHS may impact upon these whale shark populations through over-harvesting of their anchovy prey. Although there are few published studies of cetaceans in the BHS, short term surveys and long term incidental observations indicate that this region is a cetacean ‘hotspot’ and supports diverse and healthy populations for numerous species on the IUCN Red List. Of the 31 cetacean species recorded in Indonesian waters (Tomascik et al., 1997 and Rudolf et al.