the final output of the HPA axis, following occlusal disharmony in rats injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a specific catecholamine neurotoxin. 6-OHDA microinjection into the V-NAB reduced the magnitude of the responses of extracellular NA in the PVN and the plasma corticosterone to occlusal disharmony. Our results suggest that V-NAB to the PVN are involved in occlusal disharmony-induced activation of the HPA axis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The Rabusertib chemical structure act of drilling a tooth belongs to the most feared situations of patients suffering from dental phobia. We presented

25 female patients and 24 nonphobic women with the sound of a dental drill, pleasant and neutral sounds. Brain activation was recorded via near infrared spectroscopy in fronto-parietal and premotor areas. The groups differed in supplementary motor area (SMA) recruitment. Relative to controls, the phobics displayed increased oxy hemoglobin while presented with the phobia-relevant sound, but showed comparable activation in the other conditions. As the SMA is engaged in the preparation of motor actions, the increased response in patients might mirror the priming of flight behavior during VX-770 clinical trial exposure. We found no indication of an emotional modulation of parietal and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All

rights reserved.”
“Recent morphological and physiological studies support the assumption that the extrageniculate ascending tectofugal pathways send visual projection to the caudate nucleus (CN)

in amniotes. In the present study we investigate the anatomical connection between the visual associative cortex along the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) and the CN in adult domestic cats. An anterograde tracer – fluoro-dextraneamine – was injected into the AES cortex. The distribution of labeled axons was not uniform in the CN. The majority of labeled axons and Celecoxib terminal like puncta was found only in a limited area in the dorsal part of the CN between the coordinates anterior 12-15. Furthermore, a retrograde tracer – choleratoxin-B – was injected into the dorsal part of the CN between anterior 12 and 13. We detected a large number of labeled neurons in the fundus and the dorsal part of the AES between the coordinates anterior 12-14. Based upon our recent results we argue that there is a direct monosynaptic connection between the visual associative cortex along the AES and the CN. Beside the posterior thalamus, the AES cortex should also participate in the transmission of the tectal visual information to the CN. This pathway is likely to convey complex information containing both sensory and motor components toward the basal ganglia, which supports their integrative function in visuomotor actions such as motion and novelty detection and saccade generation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.