The direct observation of very low pressure systems by radar altimeters has not been investigated yet.Altimeters (ERS-2, ENVISAT, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, GFO) provide global sea surface height (SSH) measurements of the ocean under nearly all weather conditions, with the exception of periods of extremely heavy rain, which sometimes occur in hurricanes. The global SSH error for Jason-1 (J1) is estimated to 3.9 cm in normal meteorological conditions [5]. Radar altimeters thus have some potential for determining storm surge heights when flying over the storms. Now, three satellites (J1, ENVISAT, ERS-2) fly together, thus deeply improving the global temporal and spatial altimeter coverage.
The Inverse Barometer (IB) response has been extensively studied for normal meteorological conditions [6�C10]; but it remains uncertain that there exists a significant Sea Level Pressure/Sea Level Anomaly (SLP/SLA) correlation during storms and hurricanes, which are generally characterized by heavy rains, high sea states and strong winds.Indeed, the ocean response to tropical cyclone surface forcing is a complex interaction between Dacomitinib baroclinic and barotropic motions that re-distribute energy in the ocean during and after these strong forcing events. This response has been characterized as a predominately baroclinic phenomenon associated with the isopycnal displacements in the thermocline and the excitation of near-inertial three dimensional oscillations. A secondary component is the barotropic response associated with the sea surface depression of several tenths of a cm in geostrophic balance with a cyclonically rotating current field [11,12].
The inverse barometer effect is balanced by the surface Ekman divergence in the eye of the storm (pressure+wind induced surge on Figure 1). Most (> 85 %) of the storm surge is caused by winds pushing the ocean surface ahead of the storm on the right side of the track in the Northern hemisphere and left side in the Southern hemisphere [11,12].Figure 1.Localization of the storm surge (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/cyclone).In general, the strongest winds in a hurricane are found on the right side of the storm (Northern hemisphere) because the motion of the hurricane adds to its swirling winds. Since the surface pressure gradient (from the tropical cyclone centre to the environmental conditions) determines the wind strength, the central pressure indirectly does indicate the height of the storm surges, but not directly.The aim of this paper is to improve the observation of extreme low pressure events with altimetry and to investigate the relationship between atmospheric SLP and the SLA measurements during such extreme conditions.