Statistical analysis The significant difference of virulence (mor

Statistical analysis The significant difference of virulence (mortality) between low and high NADase activity groups was ascertained as follows. The mortality of mice infected with each GAS isolate, but not mean mortalities produced by pooling multiple isolates into the two groups, was determined. The four mortalities in the low NADase activity group and the four mortalities

in the high NADase activity group were compared using an unpaired t test http://​www.​graphpad.​com/​quickcalcs/​ttest1.​cfm. Survival times were assessed using a log-rank comparison. R software was used for statistical analysis http://​bioinf.​wehi.​edu.​au/​software/​russell/​logrank/​. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results Correlation of NADase activity levels and virulence MM-102 mw The levels of detectable NADase activity produced by clinical isolates of M-1 GAS were divided into two groups (low-activity Pictilisib ic50 and high-activity) in our previous study [15]. It is possible that isolates belonging to the high-activity group are more virulent, possibly causing invasive infection at higher severity and/or with lower dose. To investigate this possibility, we

used a mouse model for the invasive soft-tissue infection, which is currently the most accepted available method for this type of in vivo experiment. As shown in Table 2, after skin inoculation with M-1 GAS isolates belonging to the high-activity group, 80%, 60%, 100% and 67% of the mice were dead within a week, respectively, whereas with the isolates belonging to the low-activity group, Amobarbital 29%, 33%, 67% and 17% of the mice died, respectively (P = 0.0272 for unpaired t test). The survival curves (Figure

1), based on the data of Table 2 showed that no mouse died after day 8 on the study. Table 2 Virulence (Mortality) to mouse of GAS isolates with different NADase activity NADase Isolate Mortalitya (Death/Trial) NADaseb Low activity 1529 KN01 MDYK MUY 29% (2/7) 33% (3/9) 67% (4/6) 17% (1/6) 3.37 ± 0.66 6.19 ± 0.52 2.95 ± 0.26 2.97 ± 0.95 High activity GT01 FI01 CR01 IYAT 80% (12/15) 60% (6/10) 100% (12/12) 67% (4/6) 57.03 ± 3.65 59.40 ± 4.76 114.30 ± 8.67 87.25 ± 5.22 No activityc GT01Δnga SF370 0% (0/8) 17% (1/6) 0.49 ± 0.13 -0.44 ± 0.80 a, Mortality was determined on Day 11. b, NADase activity (units) ± standard error are indicated. One unit of NADase activity is defined as the amount (μg) of β-NAD GSK461364 purchase cleaved per hour per μl culture supernatant as described previously [15]. c, Strain SF370, which encodes an inactive form of Nga [15] was added as negative control. Figure 1 Survival after skin inoculation with GAS isolates with different NADase activities. The survival times of 28 and 43 mice infected with GAS isolates belonging to low- and high-activity groups in Table 2, respectively, were shown.

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