Since many studies, however, have shown that long-lasting effects of stress also occur in other phases of life
as the perinatal period and adulthood the data do not suggest that adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the negative consequences of stress. The outcome of many of the studies on adolescent stress also emphasizes the high resilience of adolescent animals to develop long-lasting psychopathological changes in behavior after being exposed to adolescent stress. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute and chronic liver disease. Especially, chronic hepatitis is a major risk factor https://www.selleckchem.com/products/px-478-2hcl.html of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Viral kinetics of HBV observed in peripheral blood is quite different depending on the clinical course of hepatitis.
But the Mdm2 antagonist relationship between the intracellular replication dynamics and clinical course of HBV infection is unclear. Further it is very difficult to predict the long time course of hepatitis because the nature of HBV is changed by mutation within host with high mutation rate. We investigate the intracellular replication dynamics and within host evolution of HBV by using a mathematical model. Two different intracellular replication patterns of HBV, “”explosive”" and “”arrested”", are switched depending on the viral gene expression pattern. In the explosive replication, prominent growth of HBV is observed. On the other hand, the
virion production is restricted in the arrested replication. It is suggested that the arrested and explosive replication is associated with chronic hepatitis and exacerbation of hepatitis respectively. It is shown by our evolutionary simulation that the exacerbation of hepatitis is caused by the emergence of explosive genotype of HBV from arrested genotype by mutation during chronic hepatitis. It is also shown that chronic infection without exacerbation is maintained by short waiting time for virion release and superinfection with arrested genotype. It is suggested that extension of waiting time for virion release and existence of uninfected hepatocyte in the liver may become risk factors for the exacerbation PAK6 of hepatitis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.”
“Exposure to psychostimulants, including both abused and therapeutic drugs, can occur first during human adolescence. Animal modeling is useful not only to reproduce adolescent peculiarities but also to study neurobehavioral adaptations to psychostimulant consumption. Human adolescence (generally considered as the period between 9/12 and 18 years old) has been compared with the age window between postnatal days (pnd) 28/35 and 50 in rats and mice. These adolescent rodents display basal hyperlocomotion and higher rates of exploration together with a marked propensity for sensation-seeking and risk-taking behaviors.