Results. Culture under either limited glucose or high-frequency loading conditions led to a significant drop in cell GM6001 viability. Combined treatment with limited glucose and high-frequency loading resulted in an additive increase in cell death in both the anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus and in an increase in MMP13 gene expression.
Conclusion. Supporting in vivo studies and cell culture experiments, high-frequency loading simulating vibration conditions shows detrimental effects on intervertebral disc cells in whole organ culture. The effect on cell viability was exacerbated by limited nutrition culture. However, neither frequency nor limited
glucose affected cell metabolism, measured by glycosaminoglycan synthesis rate. Longer culture periods may be required to detect changes at the extracellular matrix level.”
“Background: The development of obesity is still a poorly understood process that is dependent on both genetic and environmental factors.
Objective: The objective was to examine how physical activity and the proportion of energy as protein in the diet modify the genetic variation of body mass index (BMI), waist
circumference, and percentage body fat.
Design: Twins from Denmark (756 complete pairs) and Finland (278 complete pairs) aged 18-67 and 21-24 y, respectively, participated. The proportion of energy as protein in the diet was estimated by using food-frequency questionnaires. GW4869 cell line LEE011 mw The participants
reported the frequency and intensity of their leisure time physical activity. Waist circumference and BMI were measured. Percentage body fat was assessed in Denmark by using a bioelectrical impedance method. The data were analyzed by using gene-environment interaction models for twin data with the Mx statistical package (Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA).
Results: High physical activity was associated with lower mean values, and a high proportion of protein in the diet was associated with higher mean BMI, waist circumference, and percentage body fat and a reduction in genetic and environmental variances. Genetic modification by physical activity was statistically significant for BMI (-0.18; 95% CI: -0.31, -0.05) and waist circumference (-0.14; 95% CI: -0.22, -0.05) in the merged data. A high proportion of protein in the diet reduced genetic and environmental variances in BMI and waist circumference in Danish men but not in women or in Finnish men.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that, in physically active individuals, the genetic variation in weight is reduced, which possibly suggests that physical activity is able to modify the action of the genes responsible for predisposition to obesity, whereas the protein content of the diet has no appreciable effect.