Procedures were performed essentially as described.15 Briefly, CD8+ PBMC or peptide-specific this website T-cell lines (0.2 × 106 per well, 96-well plate) were stimulated with peptides in the concentrations indicated in the figure panels in the presence of 50 U/mL human rIL-2 and 1 μL/mL brefeldin A (BD PharMingen). After 5 hours incubation (37°C, 5% CO2), cells from each well were blocked with immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibodies and stained with antibodies against CD8. After permeabilization with Cytofix/cytoperm

(BD PharMingen), cells were stained with antibodies against IFN-γ and fixed in 100 μL CellFIX (BD PharMingen) per well before FACS analysis. When indicated in the figure legends, cells were not directly restimulated with Doxorubicin manufacturer peptide, but with autologous or partially HLA-matched Epstein-Barr virus

(EBV) immortalized B-cell lines that had been loaded with peptide overnight and extensively washed (6×) prior to the 5-hour coculture with the target cells.16 Additional experimental procedures can be found in the Supporting Materials. First, we performed a database analysis and compared the consensus sequence of the NS5B2841-2849 epitope region between the different HCV genotypes. Although the consensus sequences from subtypes 1a and 1b were identical to the described HLA-B27-restricted CD8+ T-cell epitope, the consensus sequences of genotypes other than 1 differed by one, two, or three amino acid residues within the nine amino acid-long epitope

region (Fig. 1A). In Fig. 1B, available sequence data are shown for genotypes 1a (178 sequences), 1b (242 sequences), and 3a (163 sequences), which are the most frequent subtypes world-wide and for which not sufficient sequence data are currently available. Although the epitope region was conserved within a given genotype, genotype 3a sequences differed by three amino acids from the genotype 1 consensus sequence. Interestingly, the consensus sequence of genotype 3a reflects the possible escape variants observed in genotype 1. The HLA-binding positions are identical in both genotypes; however, different combinations of the A284lV, I2844V, and L2845M substitutions are frequently observed in sequences from HLA-B27-positive genotype 1-infected subjects.6, 13, 17 The above results raised the possibility that sequences from genotype 3a (and probably also the remaining HCV genotypes other than 1) may not be recognized by CD8+ T cells specific for the genotype 1 epitope region. To address this issue, we generated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines from nine HLA-B27+ patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (two patients with acute-resolving infection, two patients with spontaneously resolved infection, and five patients with chronic infection) through two rounds of peptide stimulation with the genotype 1 consensus NS5B2841-2849 peptide (ARMILMTHF).