Moreover, we presented a new finding that MK-801 (0.6 mg/kg) chronic administration for 8 days produced a significant increase of c-Fos protein expression in the PC/RS cortex, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hypothalamus of mice. Among that c-Fos protein expression in the PC/RS cortex of mice was most significant.

Compared to acute administration, we found that MK-801 chronic administration significantly GSK461364 price increased the expression of c-Fos protein in the PC/RS cortex, PFC and hypothalamus. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with clozapine significantly decreased the expression of c-Fos protein induced by MK-801 acute and chronic administration. These results suggest that c-Fos protein, the marker of neuronal activation, might play an important role in the chronic pathophysiological process of schizophrenic model induced by NMDA receptor antagonist. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“To clarify whether changes to the cellular

properties of sensory neurons occur after a brief culture, we compared the electrophysiological and immunohistochemical properties of rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. We compared these neurons after acute dissociation and after a 1-day culture under serum-free and neurotrophin-free conditions. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. the 1-day cultured neurons required Cl-amidine concentration a lower current threshold to induce an action potential in both small- and medium-sized neurons. Furthermore, the input resistance was higher in the medium-sized neurons after a 1-day culture compared to the acutely dissociated medium-sized neurons. Immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that both the translocation of the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) into the nucleus and the expression of a low threshold Na+ channel (Na(v)1.3) were upregulated after 1-day of culture. However, in the acutely

dissociated neurons, ATF3 translocation occurred at low levels, and Na(v)1.3 was not expressed. These electrophysiological and immunohistochemical changes after 1-day of culture were very similar to the reported changes that occur after nerve injury. Our study demonstrated that injury-like characteristics appear to be manifested in the 1-day cultured sensory neurons, which do not occur in acutely dissociated through neurons. Overall, our results are relevant and will help when interpreting the results of studies examining dissociated sensory neurons in pain research. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cholinergic interneurons have emerged as one of the key players controlling network functions in the striatum. Extracellularly recorded cholinergic interneurons acquire characteristic responses to sensory stimuli during reward-related learning, including a pause and subsequent rebound in spiking. However, the precise underlying cellular mechanisms have remained elusive.