Moreover, cytotoxicities of Bogolji and Gosam were tested, using Caco-2 cells. L.monocytogenes growth was completely inhibited by Bogolji and Gosam extracts at 3.2-6.3 and 50-100 AU ml-1, respectively, and heat, NaCl and acidic condition did not affect the antilisterial activity of Bogolji and Gosam. Cytotoxic

activities were observed only at high concentration (50 AU ml-1) of Bogolji extract. Conclusion: Bogolji and Gosam could be considered as potential phytochemicals selleck to control L.monocytogenes. Significance and Impact of the Study: Use of therapeutic herbal plants should be useful in controlling L.monocytogenes, because most consumers have better acceptance for phytochemicals than synthetic chemicals.”
“Cerebral blood flow adequate for brain activity and metabolic demand is maintained through the processes of autoregulation and neurovascular coupling. Astrocytes undoubtedly make an important CA3 manufacturer contribution to these processes. The critical factors that determine the polarity of astrocytic response

include: metabolites (e.g., arachidonic acid and its derivatives, lactate and oxygen concentrations), ions (H+, Ca2+ and K+), gliotransmitters (glutamate, Glu; gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA; D-serine; adenosine 5′-triphosphate, ATP and brain derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF), neuronal activity and vascular tone.

Although the astrocytic contribution to neurovascular coupling has been intensively studied, a few important questions still remain, such as: (1) the modulatory function of astrocytes in tripartite synapses, including effects related to the strength of synaptic stimulation and the particular signaling pathway (astrocytic or neuronal) that becomes activated, (2) the significance of the vasoconstrictive reaction evoked by arachidonic acid metabolites (e.g., 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 20-HETE) under both physiological and

pathological conditions, (3) the relationship between brain activity level and metabolic processes occurring in astrocytes, which is studied using neuroradiological techniques and (4) the astrocytic contribution to the neurovascular response under pathological conditions. Hence, the function of astrocytes unless in neurovascular coupling remains ambiguous. The function of astrocytes is beneficial and integrative in physiological conditions, but under definitive pathological conditions may become detrimental and involved in the development of diseases like ischemic stroke, arterial hypertension and Alzheimer’s disease. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Aims: The aim of this study was to determine sulphite tolerance for a large number of Dekkera bruxellensis isolates and evaluate the relationship between this phenotype and previously assigned genotype markers. Methods and Results: A published microplate-based method for evaluation of yeast growth in the presence of sulphite was benchmarked against culturability following sulphite treatment, for the D.