of homologous organisms, resulting in a more chronic reaction than occurred when the preliminary injection was intravenous or intradermal. Morgan and Bennett produced a chronic rabbit arthritis JNJ-7706621 by repeatedly injecting extracts of the somatic antigen of the typhoid bacillus. As with the classical Schwartzman reaction, there was extensive local vascular damage with thrombosis and necrosis followed by repair. Other Observations on Sensitization to Foreign Material. Jones, Carter, and Rankin emphasized that the capacity of a series of injections of the polysaccharides extracted from Friedlander,s bacillus to cause joint changes was a measure neither of the anaphylactogenic nature of the extract, nor of its nitrogen or protein content.
In the guinea pig there was no correlation between the occurrence of cardiac or of joint lesions, the changes Pazopanib produced by mucopolysaccharides from various sources were non specific. Influence of Immunity on Infective Arthritis. In a series of experiments with Streptobacillus moniliformis, Freundt showed that, while death occurred too quickly in non immune groups for arthritis to develop, the joint inflammation appeared in a relatively high proportion of surviving immunized animals. COMMWNT Disturbed immunological mechanisms in rheumatoid arthritis are suggested by several of the common characteristics of the disease. The location of gamma globulin and rheumatoid factor on synovial margins, for example, has been confirmed.
Nevertheless, there is no direct evidence that rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a disorder of the immune mechanism, and it remains likely that the serological criteria diagnostic of the disease are associated and not causal features. In view of these points, it is doubtful whether any of the forms of experimental arthritis produced by the stimulation of immunological mechanisms bear any true relationship to the spontaneous disease. Like the varieties of arthritis induced by chemical and physical agencies, they retain some value in the testing of analgesic drugs, but it cannot be accepted that they have as yet thrown light on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. V. PHYSICAL METHODS FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF ARTHRITIS The lack of clear distinction between the pathological changes in rheumatoid arthritis and those of degenerative joint disease, which prevailed until 1896 in spite of the considerably earlier definition of rheumatoid arthritis , renders difficult the interpretation of many experiments employing physical agents.
Many early workers attempted to reproduce degenerative joint disease, more recently the use of physical agents has become common in experiments which have as their aim the reproduction of rheumatoid arthritis. Local Injection of Irritants. Key injected adult rabbit joints with citrated blood or with India ink. The acute inflammatory reaction subsided within 12 days. He later claimed to have confirmed the experiments of Axhausen , which suggested that degenerative joint disease followed cartilaginous necrosis, and those of Burckhardt, in which immobilization of the damaged joint led to atrophic rather than to hypertrophic changes. Key concluded, after injecting the knee joints of guinea pigs with carbolic acid, iodine