In contrast, ot was exclusively transferred by CD4+ cells. Thus, the regenerated environment facilitated by the surviving stromal cells determines whether Treg or B-cell expansion is induced. In summary, OVA feeding of mLNtx and pLNtx animals resulted in a tolerogenic phenotype, characterized by a low DTH response. Although pLNtx animals were unable to induce similar numbers of Tregs compared to mLNtx, pLNtx induced an effect that resulted in a lower DTH response against OVA. However, pLNtx showed B-cell expansion and an Ag-specific Ab production. Thus, a humoral

immune response seems to be induced in pLNtx, whereas mLNtx animals showed immune response suppression by Treg induction. However, induction of tolerance in the periphery by the skin draining pLN (pLN-pt) also showed a low DTH response, and a similar cell subset composition Panobinostat manufacturer was determined in pLNtx and pLN-pt. This tolerance could be transferred by IgG+ cells isolated from selleck compound pLN-pt mice. Otherwise CD4+ cells are exclusively responsible for ot induced by mLN. Thus, stromal cells coming from the periphery regenerate in the mesentery, but they remain in the skin draining-specific environment and act independently of the draining area. In conclusion, stromal cells have a high impact on creating an environment: they have a strong influence on the process of immunological responses

and are important for the balance between tolerance and immunity. Overall, stromal cells of pLN and mLN influence which response to Ag is chosen. Female C57BL/6 and

C57BL/6 plt/plt mice were bred at the central animal laboratory of Hannover Medical School and were used at a weight of 18–25 g. All animal experiments were performed see more in accordance with the institutional guidelines and had been approved by the Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (No. 33-42502-05/960). As described earlier 16, mLNs and pLNs were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and used as donors for C57BL/6 mice. Under combined anesthesia with ketamine (Gräub AG, Bern, Switzerland) and xylazine 2% (Bayer Health Care, Leverkusen, Germany), the mLN of the small and large intestine of the host were removed and donor mLNtx or axillary and brachial LN (pLNtx) were transplanted into this region. Total RNA was isolated according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Rneasy Kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and cDNA synthesis was performed with 50 mM oligo primer, 0.1 M DTT, 5× first strand buffer, 10 mM dNTP, 35 U/μL Rnase inhibitor, and 200 U/μL M-MLV reverse transcriptase (all obtained from Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany) in a total volume of 20 μL at 37°C for 50 min. With this cDNA quantitative real-time PCR was performed using the QuantiTect SYBR-Green protocol of Qiagen.