If the road surface roughness includes a harmonic component, this can lead to a periodic forcing frequency and substantial seismic excitation can be induced. This effect (which is termed the washboard effect) is familiar to car drivers traveling over dirt or gravel roads with ripples.Vehicles moving over pavement generate a succession of impacts. These disturbances propagate away from the source as seismic waves. In general, seismic waves can be classified into two categories: body waves (shear and pressure) and surface (Rayleigh) waves [10]. Body waves travel at a higher speed through the interior
Many feature representation methods have been developed, based on color cameras, to recognize activities and actions from video sequences.

The advent of the Kinect? has made it feasible to exploit the combination of video and depth sensors, and new tools, such as the human activity recognition benchmark database [8], have been provided, to support the research on multi-modality sensor combination for human activity recognition. This paper focuses on the use of the depth information only, to realize automatic fall detection at the lowest complexity, for which different approaches have been proposed in the literature.In [9], the Kinect? sensor is placed on the floor, near a corner of the bedroom. A restriction of this setup is the limited coverage area, caused by the presence of the bed. A specific algorithm is proposed to handle partial occlusions between objects and the person to monitor.

Complete occlusions, due to the presence of bulky items (suitcase, bag, and so on), are considered within the paper, but they represent very common situations in true life. Another setup is described in [10], where the sensor is placed in standard configuration (60��180 cm height from the floor), as recommended by Microsoft. The NITE 2 software is exploited to generate a bounding box which contains the human shape. The geometrical dimensions of this box are monitored frame by frame, to retrieve the subject’s posture, and to detect falls. This solution is robust to false positive errors, i.e., the generation of an alarm signal associated to a fall event is avoided, when the subject slowly bends over the floor, or picks up an object from the ground. The algorithm only deals with tracking the subject, whereas his identification is left to the NITE 2 software.

Consequently, the NITE 2 Dacomitinib skeleton engine constrains the system to support the minimum hardware specifications required by the SDK.The authors in [11] present a different configuration, where the Kinect? sensor is placed in one of the room top corners, and it is slightly tilted downward. Comparing the latter solution to the previous one, the coverage area obtainable is larger, but further data processing is necessary, to artificially change the point of view from which the frame is captured.