Furthermore, nanoparticles containing HBV-CpG, termed NP(HBV-CpG), reversed the HBV-ODN-mediated suppression of IFN-α production and also exerted a strong immunostimulatory effect on lymphocytes. Our results suggest that NP(HBV-CpG) can enhance the immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen learn more (HBsAg) and skew this response toward the Th1 pathway in mice immunized with rHBsAg and

NP(HBV-CpG). Moreover, NP(HBV-CpG)-based therapy led to the efficient clearance of HBV and induced an anti-HBsAg response in HBV carrier mice. Conclusion: Endogenous HBV-CpG ODNs from the HBV genome induce IFN-α production so that nanoparticle-encapsulated HBV-CpG may act as an HBsAg vaccine adjuvant and may also represent a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. (Hepatology 2014;59:385–394) “
“Settembre C, Di Malta C, Polito VA, Garcia Arencibia M, Vetrini F, Erdin S, et al. TFEB links autophagy to lysosomal biogenesis. Science 2011;332:1429-1433. (Reprinted with permission). Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that relies on the cooperation of autophagosomes

and lysosomes. During starvation, the cell expands both compartments to enhance degradation processes. We found that starvation activates a transcriptional program that controls major steps of the autophagic pathway, including autophagosome formation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and substrate degradation. The transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master gene for lysosomal biogenesis, coordinated this program by driving expression of autophagy selleck compound and lysosomal genes. Nuclear localization and activity of TFEB were regulated by serine phosphorylation mediated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2, whose activity was tuned by the levels of extracellular nutrients. Thus, a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism regulates autophagy by controlling the biogenesis and partnership of two distinct cellular organelles. The degradative pathway of macroautophagy has a critical

role in many cellular processes, and recently important functions for autophagy in the liver have been demonstrated. 1 Knowledge of the factors that regulate both basal levels of autophagy, and increases in function that occur with cellular stresses, Cediranib (AZD2171) is critical to understanding how defects in autophagic function lead to pathophysiological conditions. The majority of studies have focused primarily on a complex series of pathways that regulate the formation of the autophagosome, which is the double-membrane structure that sequesters cytosolic components and delivers them to the lysosome for degradation. Over 30 autophagy-related genes (ATGs) have been identified that control basal and inducible levels of autophagy through several distinct pathways. 1 A physiological stimulus used to define these regulatory pathways is nutrient deprivation in cells or rodents.