During the boreal summer, from June to August, South Korea has frequently and sporadically experienced periods of heavy rainfall in recent years. The severe summer rainfall necessitates an urgent investigation into its origins. Although prior research has covered daily extreme precipitation, hourly extreme rainfall events remain a subject needing comprehensive study. Accordingly, this study explored the temporal and spatial variability in mean and extreme precipitation over South Korea during the boreal summer, using a variety of analytical methods, including hourly and daily observation data. A marked increase in the highest hourly precipitation totals was observed during the 50-year period from 1973 to 2022, in contrast to the limited rise in average boreal summer rainfall. In the central region's north and the Korean peninsula's south coast, a regional increase was evident in average and extreme rainfall. The rising intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation, and the growing number of dry days, have resulted in a more impactful contribution to the cumulative summer precipitation in recent years. Our findings offer a scientific look at the way extreme summer precipitation events progress in South Korea.
Available at 101007/s13143-023-00323-7, one can find supplementary material pertaining to the online version.
Supplementary materials, available online, can be found at the location 101007/s13143-023-00323-7.

The conclusions of EFSA, stemming from the peer review of preliminary risk assessments for the pesticide dimethomorph, undertaken by the Netherlands (rapporteur) and Germany (co-rapporteur), and the assessment of maximum residue levels (MRLs) applications, are documented. Weed biocontrol The peer review conformed to the regulations laid out in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, subsequently updated by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. Using dimethomorph as a fungicide, the conclusions were reached after evaluating its various representative applications. These include foliar sprays on field strawberry and grapevine crops and permanent greenhouse lettuce crops; drenching on field and permanent greenhouse strawberry crops; and dripping on permanent greenhouse strawberry crops. Considerations regarding negligible human and environmental exposure to dimethomorph, as demonstrated by representative uses, were presented in the peer review, referencing the European Commission's draft guidance. An assessment of maximum residue levels (MRLs) was conducted for potatoes, other root and tuber vegetables (excluding radishes), and stem vegetables (excluding celery, leeks, globe artichokes, sugar beets, cereal forage, and straw). The reliable endpoints, suitable for use within regulatory risk assessments and the proposed MRLs, are shown. A list of missing information, deemed essential by the regulatory framework, is presented. In the locations where concerns are detected, reports are made available.

EFSA has produced a report on the peer-reviewed risk assessments of hydrolysed proteins, a pesticide active substance, conducted by the competent authorities of Spain and Greece, and its consideration for inclusion in Annex IV of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. The conclusions are contained within. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659, amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, stipulated the context for the peer review. The evaluation of representative uses of hydrolyzed proteins to attract insects on olive, deciduous, stone, pome, walnut, citrus, fig, persimmon, kiwi, and blueberry tree crops served as the groundwork for the conclusions. The endpoints presented are reliable and suitable for use in regulatory risk assessments. Items of information, deemed necessary by the regulatory framework, which are currently absent, are cataloged below. Concerns have been reported for those areas that have been identified.

The food enzyme, subtilisin (serine endopeptidase, EC 3.4.21.62), is manufactured by ENMEX SA de CV, now part of Kerry Food Ingredients (Cork) Ltd., using the non-genetically modified Bacillus paralicheniformis strain LMG S-30155. S961 manufacturer The enzyme found in food products is useful in oil production, hydrolyzing vegetable, microbial, or animal proteins, managing yeast during processing, and creating flavor preparations. The production strain of the food enzyme displays the presence of known antimicrobial resistance genes and genes that participate in bacitracin biosynthesis. This outcome precludes the item from meeting the stipulations of the QPS safety assessment. In the food enzyme, the detection of bacitracin, a critical antimicrobial, presents a potential threat of bacterial resistance development. Subtilisin, the food enzyme derived from the non-genetically modified Bacillus paralicheniformis strain LMG S-30155, was determined by the Panel to be unsafe in light of the presence of bacitracin.

Recognizing the causal relationship between vaccination and the associated risky behaviors of individuals is important to formulating effective policies, as it has direct consequences for the achievement of vaccination programs. This study investigates the causal effects of the 1992 hepatitis B vaccination campaign in China on risky behaviors. Variations in age during the campaign, as well as pre-campaign infection risks across provinces, are the basis for our empirical strategy. Examining a large cohort of individuals born between 1981 and 1994, we observe an inverse relationship between hepatitis B vaccination exposure and alcohol consumption in adulthood. This correlation appears to be almost exclusively linked to male participants. Individuals with more educated families and residents of urban areas frequently exhibit a more emphatic reaction. Improvements in educational attainment and the dissemination of relevant information are key contributors. Our study demonstrates a beneficial, yet unanticipated, consequence of promoting vaccination access.
The supplementary material, available online, can be located at 101007/s00148-023-00942-4.
The online version's associated supplementary materials are available at the URL 101007/s00148-023-00942-4.

Peacetime military service's impact on human capital is characterized by both positive and negative repercussions. Even as it may decrease academic skill, it concurrently fosters development of essential non-cognitive ones. Evaluating the overall effect of conscription proves difficult given the issues of self-selection, the endogenous relationship between factors, and the omission of variables. To address the primary two issues, we capitalize on the mandatory service of men in Cyprus before commencing university. Employing an observable selection model, while controlling for past academic achievement and other relevant factors, our research indicated a positive and significant correlation between the duration of service and men's subsequent academic performance, as quantified by their grade point average. Hardware infection Addressing omitted variable bias in the context of military service is achievable through two exogenous reforms: one at the extensive margin and the other at the intensive margin. Employing a difference-in-differences approach, with female students serving as the control, we observe that variations in average army service times have a significant positive (negative) effect on the academic outcomes of male students.
At 101007/s00148-023-00944-2, users can access supplementary content intended for the online version.
Supplementary materials for the online version are accessible via the link 101007/s00148-023-00944-2.

Significant concern surrounds youth violence, and existing research confirms that violence acts as both a source and a consequence of trauma. Through meta-analytic review, the influence of peri-trauma social support factors on the onset and duration of psychological stress has been demonstrated. Clarifying the connections between social support, psychological stress, and physical violence among youth in high-violence areas of Northern Ireland is the core aim of this research, which extends existing research. Participants in a youth development program in Northern Ireland, a sample of 10- to 25-year-olds (N=635), were the focus of study. This study's methodology included a mediation analysis, where social support was the independent variable, psychological distress the mediator, and self-reported violence the outcome. As a controlling variable, violent victimization was incorporated into the data analysis. When violent victimization is controlled for, the effect of social support on the risk of physical violence is mediated by psychological stress. Reductions in psychological stress, potentially buffered by social support, may be a consequence of living in communities with lower rates of violence. The use of specialized youth work methodologies can possibly ease the burden of psychological stress, thereby reducing the chance of subsequent violent behavior. The combined effect of these insights reveals possibilities for harm reduction and preventive measures. These results concomitantly enhance our understanding of the various mechanisms influencing change within youth work-led violence prevention strategies.

For adolescent girls, cyber-dating violence (cyber-DV) is a pressing concern, leading to possible negative consequences, including post-traumatic stress symptoms and suicidal thoughts and attempts. In order to decrease cyber-DV's impact and occurrence, researchers increasingly study the identification of risk and protective factors across various ecological settings. Our study explored the role of individual factors (such as dissociation), interpersonal contexts (like offline dating violence), and community-level influences (e.g., community support) in adolescent girls' experiences of cyber-dating violence. A digital survey was completed by 456 adolescent girls, whose ages averaged 16.17 years (standard deviation 1.28), recruited via an online platform. Measurements at the individual level encompassed emotion dysregulation, dissociative symptoms, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and resilience.