Despite widespread use of vaccination, the disease has not been eliminated. On the contrary, increased incidence rates have been reported in several countries during the last decade [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] and [8]. In Israel, since 1957, vaccination against pertussis was given to children using a whole-cell component in diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine

until it was replaced by the less reactogenic acellular vaccines in 2002. The vaccine is administered at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months, and since 2005, an additional booster selleck screening library has been given at 7–8 years of age. In 2008, a so-called “catch-up” booster vaccination program was introduced for children aged 13–14 years. This will continue until the children who had received a school-age booster (at 7–8 years) reach the age of 13. An

impressive drop in pertussis rates was observed due to the widespread use of vaccination until the 1990s. However, this was followed by a subsequent increase in pertussis morbidity since 1999, despite a coverage of 93% for four vaccine doses among children [6]. As in other countries, there has been observed a shift in morbidity towards selleck compound higher age groups [6]. As a result of waning immunity after vaccination, pertussis morbidity increases in previously vaccinated children, adolescents, and adults, thus, maintaining the pathogen circulating in the population. Lack of typical pertussis symptoms, may be more common for adolescents and adults than for young children, contributing to a considerable degree of under-reporting in older age groups. Therefore, the informative value mafosfamide of routine

surveillance data based on case notification is limited, yet, not detecting atypical and mild disease. This can serve as an important “silent” source of transmission in the population. To date, the extent of infection in these older age groups remains to a large extent unknown, and calls for alternative standardized tools for pertussis monitoring. High titers of antibody to pertussis toxin (PT) have been proven to be a reliable indicator of recent pertussis infection, thus, serving as a solid and standardized marker for the incidence of infection in the general population [9]. The aims of this study were to document the age-specific sero-profile of high antibody titers to pertussis toxin as a marker for incidence of infection in order to assess trends of pertussis and implications for prevention strategies independent of notification and diagnostic bias. A cross-sectional sero-survey was conducted using archived serum samples collected by the Israel Centre for Disease Control during 2000 to 2001 (pre-booster period). The serum bank comprised samples from all regions of Israel including both males and females of all ages.