Anthropometric measurements and

biochemical investigations were made and compared. Results: Nutritional indicators were low in all 3 groups compared to those prescribed by European Best Practice Guidelines(EBPG). BPL CKD-D patients had low serum albumin levels(32.44444 ± 6.279961 g/L; p = 0.017) and 41.83% of them were underweight. The APL CKD-ND group registered the lowest mean daily energy (22.576 ± 6.289 kcal/kg/day) and protein intake(0.71 ± 0.06 g/kg/day), due to dietary restrictions imposed on them Selleckchem Ipilimumab by themselves and unqualified renal dietitians. The APL group had better indicators of nutritional status in terms of mid upper arm circumference (p = 0.001), triceps skin fold thickness(p < 0.001) and serum hemoglobin (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Several nutritional parameters were below the recommended international guidelines for all the 3 groups, though the high income group had better parameters from several indicators.

There is an urgent need for nutritional counseling for CKD-D and CKD-ND patients. UNUMA SATOSHI1, OHSE TAKAMOTO1, JO AIRI1, SHIGEHISA AKIRA2, KAWAKAMI KOJI2, MATSUKI TAKAHIRO2, CHONAN OSAMU2, NANGAKU MASAOMI1 1Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 2Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan Background: Tubulointerstitial injury is central to the progression of end-stage renal disease. We have previously reported that one of the AZD1208 mouse most investigated uremic toxins, indoxyl sulfate (IS), cause tubulointerstitial injury through oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Because indole, the precursor of IS, is synthesized from dietary tryptophan by the gut microbiota, we hypothesized that the

intervention targeting the gut microbiota in kidney disease with galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) would attenuate renal injury through the inhibition of indole synthesis. Methods: Two weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) or sham operation (Sham), the rats were divided into two groups, control-diet group and GOS-diet group. After 2 weeks of GOS administration, cecal indole and serum IS were measured, renal injury was evaluated, and the effects of GOS on the gut microbiota were examined using pyrosequencing ID-8 methods. Results: Cecal indole and serum IS were significantly decreased and renal injury was improved with decreased infiltrating macrophages in GOS-treated Nx rats compared with Nx rats. The expressions of CHOP and GRP78 as ER stress markers and the number of TUNEL-positive cells and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 as apoptosis markers were significantly increased in the Nx rats compared with the Sham rats, and decreased with GOS. The microbiota analysis indicated that GOS significantly increased three bacterial families and decreased five families in the Nx rats.