All standard methods used were performed according to the established protocols (Sambrook et al., 1989). Following the shotgun sequencing of A. halophytica, an open reading frame of 1284 base pairs encoding 427 amino acids of ApSHMT was identified (accession number, AB695121). Amino acid sequence of ApSHMT showed

www.selleckchem.com/autophagy.html 81% identity with other cyanobacterial SHMTs, such as the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. The identity was decreased to 59, 57, 56, and 42–46% for the SHMT from Bacillus stearothermophilus, E. coli, Burkholderia, and plants, respectively (data not shown). However, the amino acid residues important for the structure and function of SHMT (Y56, D202, and K231 for the interaction with PLP; R64 and D73, inter-subunit interaction; H127, cofactor binding; P258 and R363, substrate interaction; numbering was based on ApSHMT, accession number, AB695121) were highly conserved. Many physiological roles of SHMT have been

reported to date (Wilson et al., 1993; Voll et al., 2005; Ibrutinib ic50 Anderson & Stover, 2009; Bauwe et al., 2010; Beaudin et al., 2011). However, the role of SHMT in salinity stress has not been examined although salt-induced increase in SHMT in Anabaena cells has been reported (Srivastava et al., 2011). Therefore, we first studied the expression dynamics of ApSHMT gene under high salinity condition. The expression of ApSHMT was monitored by RT-PCR using the total RNA extracted from NaCl treated up- and down-shocked cells. As a control, the RNase P gene, AprnpB, was used. The NaCl up-shock caused a rapid induction in the ApSHMT transcript expression within 1 h, continued until 12 h, and slightly decreased at 48 h (Fig. 1a). By contrast, there

was no obvious change in ApSHMT transcripts under NaCl down-shock conditions (data Vasopressin Receptor not shown). We examined in vivo the ApSHMT activity under NaCl up-shock conditions. The ApSHMT activity in A. halophytica cells increased approximately twofold by increasing salinity from 0.5 M NaCl to 2.5 M NaCl (Fig. 1b). To characterize the enzymatic properties of ApSHMT protein, we expressed recombinant ApSHMT with 6×His tag at N-terminus under the control of the cold-inducible promoter in E. coli. The expression of ApSHMT was optimum when 0.1 mM isopropyl thio-β-d-galactoside (IPTG) was added at OD620 nm c. 1.0 and the culture was maintained at 16 °C for 16 h. A protein band with expected molecular mass of 44 kDa was detected on SDS-PAGE (see lane 2 in Fig. 2a). Recombinant ApSHMT protein was purified to homogeneity in a single step from crude E. coli lysate using Ni2+-chelating sepharose chromatography (lane 3 in Fig. 2a). The activity of recombinant ApSHMT was assayed with dl-threo-3-phenylserine or l-serine. The former substrate has been used to investigate the aldolase reaction in bacteria (Misono et al., 2005). The enzyme reaction followed the Michaelis–Menten kinetics.