All scans and analyses were performed by an experienced certified clinical densitometrist

(JK). The estimated reproducibility error in vivo (coefficient of variation) was 1.45 %, based on duplicate lumbar spine DXA examination performed in 24 subjects. Results were expressed as T-scores and were also compared to age- and sex-matched reference ranges and expressed as Z-scores for BMD according see more to the NHANES database provided by the manufacturer. The interpretation of the DXA results was based on current practice guidelines of ICSD. BTK inhibitor Biochemical analyses To determine biochemical parameters, 10 ml of blood taken for coagulum was used. The serum was frozen in the temperature −80 °C. The concentration of total calcium (mmol/L), inorganic phosphorus (mg/dL), total alkaline phosphatase (ALP; IU/L), osteocalcin (ng/mL), parathormone activity (iPTH; pg/mL), and hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D; (ng/mL)] were assessed. Ionized calcium (Ca+2) level was evaluated in a 5-ml blood sample (Siemens lithium heparine syringe). Statistical analysis Statistical analysis of all of the studied attributes was carried out. In the case of quantitative

traits, average and dispersion measures were used, i.e., arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The levels of studied attributes between the groups were compared using the t test. The strength of relationships between pairs of measurable parameters was determined DMXAA in vitro using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and its significance was assessed using the t test for the correlation coefficient.

The influence of potential factors on a measurable dependent variable, e.g., tooth wear indices, was assessed using analysis of variance. Differences and relationships were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results Sixteen pre-menopausal women and 34 men aged 47.5 ± 5 years with advanced tooth wear were included in the study and compared with 20 age- and sex-matched healthy peers (12 men, eight premenopausal women) with normal dental status. PJ34 HCl Based on the clinical examination of 1,017 teeth from patients and 523 teeth from controls, a significant difference in the TWI was found between the groups (Table 1). No associations were observed between TWI and gender, body weight, height, or BMI. There were no differences in anthropometric features between the groups, even if men and women were analyzed separately. Both male and female patients with severe tooth wear demonstrated lower BMD, particularly in the lumbar spine region, compared with their healthy references. This difference remained unaffected and significant after adjustment for sex. The difference in bone density was explicitly expressed in absolute values, T- and Z-scores, whereas the results remained within the normal range (Table 1). The patients did not differ from controls in calcium, phosphorus, zinc, copper nor in vitamin D consumption, although in general copper intakes were considerably lower in relation to RDI (Table 2).