Agreement between low pepsinogen I testing and the histological analysis was

94% for corpus prevalent chronic atrophic gastritis (sensitivity Selleckchem Napabucasin 80% and specifity 96%). Therefore, serological assessment of pepsinogens is a reliable method to assess gastric atrophy. It has been applied in Japan for prescreening of a prospective cohort of 2859 individuals that joined an opportunistic and workplace health check-up in 1987 [41]. Sixty-one participants developed GC with a HR for H. pylori positivity of 4.2 (95% CI 0.96–18.4). H. pylori-positive individuals with evidence of gastric atrophy revealed a HR of 11.23 (95% CI 2.71–46.51), which was even higher in case of atrophy and negative H. pylori status (HR 14.81; 95% Cetuximab in vivo CI 2.47–88.80) [41]. The carcinogenic potential of H. pylori is driven by the interplay between bacterial virulence factors and the host’s immune response. A meta-analysis assessed the association of interleukin gene polymorphisms (IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) with GC risk and revealed an increased risk for IL-1RN*2 carriers [42]. This association was specific for non-Asian populations and was independent from Laurén type and location of the cancer. The effect was increased in H. pylori-positive

patients. For Asians, a risk reduction for IL-1β-31 carriers could be shown. Another meta-analysis confirmed the increased risk for GC in Caucasians, especially for IL-1β-511 and IL1-RN*2 carriers (pooled OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04–1.71; OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.07–1.61, resp.) [43]. These associations Parvulin were reported for noncardia GC and tumors of the intestinal type by Laurén. A protective effect in case of IL-1β-31 carrier status was demonstrated (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.60–0.89). A positive association was shown for Asian patients carrying polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene at the −592 position [21]. There was a higher frequency of GC incidence in case of CC/CA alleles versus the AA genotype (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08–1.59) and CA versus AA (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.09–1.63), but there was no relation to tumor location or Laurén type. In a Mexican population, there was also a positive association of polymorphisms with the

TNF-β gene as well as the gene for the heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) with GC [44]. Besides polymorphisms in interleukin-encoding genes, analyses have been extended to certain growth factors and their receptors. There was no association of polymorphisms with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene; however, polymorphisms in the EGF promotor region (endothelial derived growth factor) were associated with reduced risk for gastric carcinogenesis (homozygote OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.65–0.98) [45,46]. This effect was evident for Asians and in the American population but was not seen in the Caucasian population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in specific microRNAs result in a higher susceptibility to GC development and an altered immune response to H. pylori infection [47].