After stratification, positive associations persisted in subjects without metabolic syndrome, which indicates that high hs-CRP is an independent risk factor for cancer. Our findings regarding histology- and site-specific selleck chemical Dasatinib associations suggest that hs-CRP is more strongly associated with adenocarcinoma. This is compatible with previous findings, which indicate that pan-adenocarcinoma is associated with obesity9�C11 and that hs-CRP is higher in obese adults and those with metabolic syndrome. The present study has several strengths. The large sample size permitted us to evaluate associations of hs-CRP with all cancers and cancers of specific sites and pathologic types. In addition, we adjusted for several important potential confounders, including age, sex, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, aspirin use, education level, and income.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the associations between hs-CRP and cancer in Koreans. There were some limitations, however. First, the study subjects may not have been representative of the general population. The participants in this study were recruited from among adults who visited our hospital for regular health check-ups; thus, they were relatively health conscious. Selection bias may have led to an underestimation of the true excess risk. Second, our study was cross-sectional. Therefore, causality cannot be inferred in the association of hs-CRP with cancer risk. Third, detailed information on lifestyle was not available in the data used in this study.

We cannot exclude the possibility that the self-reported questionnaires provided only a rough assessment of alcohol consumption and exercise status. We also recognize that a single measurement of hs-CRP may not represent an individual��s inflammatory status during the development of cancer and that measured levels may be influenced by diurnal or stress-induced variation. However, misclassification bias is unlikely because stress-induced activation of hs-CRP should not have differed by case/non-case status. Finally, the cancer site-specific analyses were based on a small numbers of cancer cases, which highlights the need for further large prospective studies. In conclusion, we have shown a positive association between serum hs-CRP level and cancer risk.

This finding supports the hypothesis that chronic Cilengitide low-grade systemic inflammation increases the risk for cancer. Large prospective studies are necessary to determine the role of hs-CRP in the etiology of cancer. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by the Korea Research Foundation of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (20100029113) and BK 21. Conflicts of interest: None declared.
During the last decade, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has been the most frequent cause of safety-related drug marketing withdrawals in the United States (Food and Drug Administration, 2009).