“
“After field dressing a rabbit in the state of Upper Austria, Austria two members of a family were infected with tularemia in November 2010. The patients were a man in his forties and his father-in-law in his sixties. Tularemia is a rare disease in Austria. In the last 10 years between 2 and 8 cases have been reported annually. Of the total of 40 cases none was reported in the state of Upper Austria. Thus, this case report documents the reemergence of tularemia in Upper

Austria.”
“Glacial-interglacial cycles of the Pleistocene are hypothesized as one of the foremost contributors to biological diversification. This is especially true for cold-adapted montane species, FDA approval PARP inhibitor where range shifts have had a pronounced effect on population-level divergence. Gartersnakes AZD7762 manufacturer of the Thamnophis rufipunctatus species complex are

restricted to cold headwater streams in the highlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental and southwestern USA. We used coalescent and multilocus phylogenetic approaches to test whether genetic diversification of this montane-restricted species complex is consistent with two prevailing models of range fluctuation for species affected by Pleistocene climate changes. Our concatenated nuDNA and multilocus species analyses recovered evidence for the persistence of multiple lineages that are restricted geographically, despite a mtDNA signature consistent with either more recent connectivity (and introgression) or recent expansion (and incomplete lineage sorting). Divergence selleck kinase inhibitor times estimated using a relaxed molecular clock and fossil

calibrations fall within the Late Pleistocene, and zero gene flow scenarios among current geographically isolated lineages could not be rejected. These results suggest that increased climate shifts in the Late Pleistocene have driven diversification and current range retraction patterns and that the differences between markers reflect the stochasticity of gene lineages (i.e. ancestral polymorphism) rather than gene flow and introgression. These results have important implications for the conservation of T. rufipunctatus (sensu novo), which is restricted to two drainage systems in the southwestern US and has undergone a recent and dramatic decline.”
“The distributional expansion of the ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) in Japan was analyzed based on literature surveys and observations of 1,312 individual specimens collected from 1918 to 2005. An expansion toward higher latitudes, from Kyushu (33A degrees N) to central Honshu (36A degrees N), was observed between 1910 and the early 1990s.