[16] Nash and colleagues recommend a three-phase process to further answer this important question, which sequentially involves pilot testing, then efficacy testing, and finally effectiveness testing.[16] As roughly one third of non-pharmacological studies compare an intervention to no treatment SAR245409 solubility dmso or to a wait-list control,[13, 17] future studies with comparisons

to alternative active treatments are needed,[18] allowing different non-pharmacological interventions to be compared against each other and providing insights into potential mechanisms of action. More specifically, we need to understand which techniques are most effective for specific types of patients and headache disorders (ie, moderator variables) (Q1A),[19] as well as the treatment components that account for the response (ie, mediator variables).[20] Many

evidence-based behavioral and mind/body interventions require a significant commitment to out-of-session time from patients, and identification of the optimal selleck screening library “dose” of treatment thus is essential (Q2). In order to recommend these interventions for clinical use, we need to better understand how frequently these interventions should be practiced, for how long, and over what period of time in order to maximize clinical benefit and minimize patient burden. For example, are classes lasting 2 hours once a week more or less beneficial than a daily 15-min practice session? Once a patient learns a technique, does it need to be continually practiced to maintain benefit and if so, for how often and how long? Numerous trials of evidence-based behavioral interventions

have demonstrated benefits that last for months or even up to 5-7 years after the intervention ends.2,11,14,21-23 It is unclear, however, whether the persistent benefit results from the initial teaching or continued regular practice. Many of the mind/body intervention trials 上海皓元 have not included long follow-up periods,[7, 8] and this remains an important issue for future research on these interventions. Many trials have demonstrated that a minimal-therapist-contact intervention can provide similar clinical benefit compared to a more intensive clinic-based intensive treatment.24-31 Although additional studies are needed to better characterize the efficacy of limited contact mind/body interventions in headache, these approaches hold promise as ways to increase adherence, reduce costs, and improve treatment accessibility in resource-limited or remote areas.