1 ± 0.2 in control animals, and the average number of ectoparasite species per individual was 2.3 ± 0.1 on treated animals and 1.1 ± 0.12 on control animals. No differences in FGM values were observed within individuals or between treatment and control groups following parasite-reduction treatments, indicating that the observed reductions in nematodes and ectoparasites had no effect on FGM levels

of raccoons across the time frame of this study. “
“A deep Akt inhibitor understanding of population structures and of the relationships among populations is fundamental to guarantee adequate management of endangered species. We used a molecular approach (12 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA) to investigate these aspects in the woylie or brush-tailed bettong Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi. Four distinct indigenous populations were identified in this study (i.e. Dryandra woodland and Tutanning nature reserve in the wheatbelt region and two discrete populations in the I-BET-762 research buy Upper Warren in the south-west forests of Western Australia). Additionally, previously undisclosed modern and historical connections between these

units became evident, such as the historical connection between populations at 150 km distance (Dryandra and Upper Warren) and the contemporary gene flow between the two populations in Upper Warren (up to 60 km). Genetic attributes of the four populations were analysed and the evidence of unique genetic material in each of these populations indicated that conservation effort should aim towards the preservation of 上海皓元 all these units. Additionally, the lower genetic diversity of the woylie population

in Tutanning nature reserve prompted the need for the investigation of factors that are limiting the demographic growth of this population. This study enhances not only our knowledge about the ecology of woylies but also the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation and reiterates the strength and pertinence of molecular techniques in similar investigations. “
“The genus Philornis (Diptera: Muscidae) comprises Neotropical parasitic flies that parasitize bird nestlings while in their larval stage. The ecology of most species of these parasitic flies is largely unknown. Here, we contribute with data that shed some light on the environmental factors that are associated with variations in parasitism intensity of Philornis torquans, and examine whether increased intensity is followed by greater probability of mortality or reduced nestling growth. Intensive examination of nestlings of the bird community present in a 30 ha area was carried out weekly along two breeding seasons in Santa Fe, Argentina. Some nestlings of the most frequently parasitized bird species were followed twice a week, from hatching to fledging, to assess the impact of the parasites. High average maximum temperature and increased rainfall were significantly positively correlated with mean Philornis intensity.