05 was considered statistically significant. All analyzes were performed using GraphPad Prism software (version 3.0 for Windows). The activity of JBU was evaluated on six different species of yeasts: S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, P. membranisfaciens and K. marxiannus ( Fig. 1). JBU inhibited the growth of C. tropicalis ( Fig. 1A) and of P. membranisfaciens ( Fig. 1C) at the lower dose tested – 0.18 μM. For the other yeasts, such as K. marxiannus ( Fig. 1B), the cell culture became more turbid than the control culture

in the presence of JBU up to 0.72 μM, suggesting increased growth and lack of effect antifungal effect. In contrast, the determination of colony forming units of the treated yeasts indicated a fungicidal effect

upon all species after 24 h of exposure to 0.36 μM JBU ( Fig. 2). Enzyme-inactivated check details JBU (after treatment with the irreversible active site inhibitor p-hydroxy-mercurybenzoate) retained its fungitoxic effect on P. membranisfaciens ( Fig. 1C), demonstrating that the antifungal effect of JBU on yeasts is independent of its enzymatic activity. Similarly, we have previously reported that the antifungal effect of JBU on filamentous fungi is not dependent on its enzymatic activity [7]. The ability of the JBU to permeabilize yeast PF-562271 research buy membranes was studied with SYTOX Green, a fluorescent label with affinity for nucleic acids. After incubation of C. tropicalis, P. membranisfaciens, K. marxiannus and C. parapsilosis cells with JBU, the dye was added to the culture and maintained for 10 min under shaking at room temperature. N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase All JBU-treated yeasts showed higher fluorescence when compared to controls, indicating permeabilization of cells, particularly associated to the formation of pseudohyphae in C. tropicalis ( Fig. 3, panels B and C), P. membranisfaciens and K. marxiannus. Cell viability of JBU-treated S. cerevisiae was assessed using the LIVE/DEAD kit (Invitrogen) ( Fig. 4). The fluorescent label FUN-1

indicates viable and metabolically active cells by formation of red fluorescent cylindrical intravacuolar structures (CIVs). Cells were incubated with JBU and/or buffer for 2 h at 28 °C and then incubated with the fluorescent probes for 1 h. Control viable cells formed CIVs ( Fig. 4, panels F and H), indicative of active metabolism. On the other hand, most cells treated with JBU showed a diffuse red/green fluorescence indicating lack of metabolic activity ( Fig. 4, panel B and C), although cell walls are preserved ( Fig. 4, panel D). H+-ATPase plasma membrane plays an essential role in the physiology of fungal cell. Interference in its function by classical antagonists leads to cell death [18] and [42]. Here, the effect (direct or indirect) of JBU on the activity of H+-ATPase was evaluated by monitoring the glucose-stimulated medium acidification by S. cerevisiae and C. albicans.