The homogeneous and heterogeneous gels were prepared by using 10 mM MTEMA in 5.0%(v/v) ethanol at 10 degrees C and 30
mM MTEMA in 20%(v/v) ethanol at 50 degrees C, in 1.0 and 1.5M NIPA solution, respectively. Homogeneous and heterogeneous gels had swelling ratios at 540 6 28% and 551 +/- 37%, respectively. The extraction of Au(III) ion was studied in batch method. The optimum pHs for the extraction of Au(III) by homogeneous and heterogeneous gels were 1-3 and 1-5, respectively. The suitable extraction time was 3 h at 50 degrees C when using a rod-shaped copolymer (0.7 cm diameter Selleck PS341 and 1 cm length). The adsorption behavior obeyed the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum sorption capacities of Au(III) onto homogeneous and heterogeneous gels were 62.8 and 322 mu mol/g, respectively. The desorption equilibrium was reached within 2-3 h at 10 degrees C by 0.1M thiourea in 5%(v/v) HCl. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 309-83108, 2011″
“Study Design. The effects of exogenous Selleckchem MAPK inhibitor 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-alpha, 5-HT + TNF in combination, and autologous nucleus pulposus (NP) at dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were examined using rat models.
Objective. To examine the interaction of 5-HT with TNF for pain-related behavior in a rat lumbar disc herniation (LDH) model.
Summary of Background Data. 5-HT and TNF have
been shown to play roles in sciatica in lumbar disc herniation as chemical factors.
Methods. Adult RG-7388 mouse female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: 5-HT group, TNF group, 5-HT + TNF (combination) group, NP group, control group, and naive group. Von Frey tests were used for pain-related behavior testing. Expressions of activating transcription factor 3 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were evaluated immunohistochemically. Expressions of TNF, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), and 5-HT2A receptors in the left L5 DRG were examined using western blotting. Plasma levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, a metabolite of 5-HT, were measured.
Results. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds were significantly decreased in the 5-HT, TNF, combination, and NP groups compared with controls. Thresholds recovered after 14 days in the 5-HT and TNF groups, and after 28 days in the combination group. Exogenous 5-HT and TNF to the nerve root induced pain-related behavior and lasted for a shorter period compared with combination and NP groups. Activating transcription factor 3- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive DRG neurons were significantly increased only in the early phase in 5-HT, TNF, combination, and NP groups. TNF induced 5-HT2A receptor expressions in the DRG, while 5-HT induced TNF and TNF receptor 1 expressions.
Conclusion.