Activated B cells also infiltrate into the rheumatoid synovium [26]. In this study, we found that the frequency of CD19+IgD+CD27− naive B cells in RA patients was significantly higher than that in the HC, while

the percentages of preswitch CD19+IgD+CD27+ B memory cells in RA patients were significantly lower than that in the HC. Our findings were consistent with a previous report that showed a higher frequency of naive B cells, but lower percentages of memory B cells in patients with new-onset RA [27]. Src inhibitor This suggests that antigen stimulation may promote the redistribution of naive B cells from lymph tissues to circulation. Souto-Carneiro et al. [28] found that the percentages of circulating preswitch CD19+IgD+CD27+ memory B cells decreased in RA patients, while the frequency of preswitch CD19+IgD+CD27+ memory B and post-switch CD19+IgD−CD27+ memory B cells increased in the synovial membrane. It is possible that circulating CD19+IgD+CD27+ B cells could migrate and accumulate in the synovium of RA patients. However, a previous study has suggested that there may be an accumulation of post-switch CD19+IgD−CD27+ memory B cells, whereas the CD19+IgD+CD27+ memory B cells are reported

in RA patients with long-standing disease [29]. The disparities between our data and the results of previous learn more studies may be due to a number of factors, including varying genetic backgrounds, disease duration, Rebamipide cohort size and therapy. Activated B cells increased the expression levels of certain activation markers, such as CD86 and CD95 [30, 31]. CD86 is a critical co-stimulatory molecule for B cell activation and CD95 is

associated with apoptosis. To assess activated B cells further in RA patients, we analysed the frequency of CD86+ or CD95+ B cells and found that the percentages of CD86+CD19+ and CD95+CD19+ B cells were significantly higher in the RA patients than that in the HC, consistent with a previous report [32, 33]. These data indicated more activated B cells in RA patients. Given that CD95 is a death receptor, the higher frequency of CD95+ B cells in RA patients suggests that those activated B cells may be susceptible to spontaneous apoptosis, diminishing the total number of activated B cells in RA patients. Moreover, it is possible that the relatively higher frequency of naive B cells may stem from high differentiation of bone marrow stem cells due to the continuous loss of memory B cells, and this feedback regulation will help in maintaining B cell homeostasis in RA patients. O’Neill et al. [34] found that the expression of CD80/CD86 co-stimulatory molecules on B cells was critical for inducing autoreactive T cell activation and autoimmunity during the development of arthritis. In our study the percentages of CD86+CD19+ B cells in the RA patients were correlated positively with the DAS28 scores, suggesting that activated B cells might be major players in the pathogenesis of RA.