2). Compared with NHANES data, the uninfected control children from WITS also had z-scores that were significantly lower than zero for multiple measures of fat at both baseline and 48 weeks, including TSF, SSF and BMI, as well as for weight and waist circumference at 48 weeks (data not shown). Mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] weight, height and BMI percentiles for the NHANES controls on the CDC reference curve were 62.8 (61.0, 64.5), 56.9 (55.2, 58.5) and 65.2 (63.2, 67.0), respectively, each greater than the reference population (P<0.001). Over the 48-week course of therapy, mean (SD) weight [0.16 (0.53); P=0.004], height [0.14 (0.61); P=0.037], FFM [0.27 (0.48); P=0.001] and FFM index [FFM/height2;

0.30 (0.81); P=0.027] z-scores increased significantly (Fig. 1) while the waist:height ratio z-score decreased [−0.19 BAY 73-4506 (0.79); Omipalisib mouse P=0.045]. At the 24-week visit, there was a significant increase in mean z-scores for MAMC [0.28 (1.22); P=0.033] and mid-thigh circumference [MTC; 0.16 (0.45); P=0.030]. The latter changes, however, were no longer significant at the 48-week visit. By contrast, there was no significant difference in change at 48 weeks between cases and matched HIV-exposed, uninfected controls from WITS (Fig. 2). In multivariate analyses of baseline z-scores (NHANES controls), more severe stunting was associated with CDC clinical classes B and C compared with N or A (height z-score−0.56, P=0.044 and −1.06, P=0.002, respectively) and a higher waist:height

ratio z-score with class C (P=0.006) (see Table 2). Baseline z-score for height, MTC and

FFM were each associated with baseline CD4 percentage (z-scores 0.19, 0.38 and 0.38 higher per 10% higher CD4 percentage; P=0.029, 0.008 and 0.020, respectively), as shown in Table 2. FFM index, however, was not associated with CD4 percentage (P=0.22). VL at baseline was significantly associated only with lower peripheral fat stores, with a mean TSF z-score of −0.19 per 1 log10 RNA copies/mL higher (P=0.043). Similarly, in multivariate analysis of the differences at entry between P1010 cases and WITS controls (Table 3), case–control differences in height and MTMC were both associated with baseline CD4 percentage (compared with uninfected HIV-exposed matched controls, mean height and MTMC in infected children were higher by 1.60 and 1.32 cm, respectively, per 10% higher baseline CD4 percentage in the infected child; Venetoclax molecular weight P=0.015 and 0.019, respectively). In addition, compared with uninfected HIV-exposed matched controls, mean BMI was higher by 3.03 kg/m2 in infected children with CDC category C disease compared with those with CDC category A/N disease (P=0.029). In the comparison with WITS controls, there were no significant associations at baseline between any growth or body composition measure and VL. Nor were significant associations seen with ART or PI exposure, although the difference in TSF in PI-exposed versus ART-naïve children approached significance (−4.54 mm; P=0.057).