, 2006) may be engaged in the fine regulation of the immune system and are believed to bind, though with low affinity, to a variety of antigens such as self-antigens or even purely synthetic molecules. Unspecific interactions, in particular those arising by heterophilic antibodies (Levinson and Miller, 2002, Bjerner et al., 2005 and Preissner et al., 2005), are likely to increase the background signal and to fail in the detection of low-affinity interactions between glycans and anti-glycan antibodies.

This negatively affects the SGA outcome (specificity and sensitivity) and complicates the interpretation of the SGA results, eventually producing false-positive and negative or over- or understated results and therefore compromising the reliability of SGA. Avoiding or at least minimizing unspecific interactions/binding of antibodies is considered essential for the design of glyco-analysis tools. Two common this website strategies can be utilized (Ratner, 2005). (i) The analytical platform (e.g. bead surface) is covered with a dense monolayer of antigens or glycans. However, antibodies may be incapable of tight binding to target glycans constituting such monolayers

due to the suboptimal surface density of glycan residues and to the length of their bonds to the surface. (ii) Parts of the analytical platform remain unoccupied by the glycans and are blocked (masked) by a detergent, a protein or a synthetic polymer such

as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a linear or branched polyether terminated with hydroxyl groups. This strategy is based on the www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html protein-repelling effect of PEG due to the low free energy of at PEG–water interface, incapability of hydrogen bonding or electrochemical interaction of PEG with proteins, and to the high mobility of PEG chains (Kingshott and Griesser, 1999). The particular characteristics of PEG, including its water like-structure, absence of charges, resistance to protein adsorption, variation in molecular weight, size (length) and shape, and low immunogenicity make PEG not only suitable for biomedical and therapeutic applications (Desai and Hubbell, 1991, Prime and Whitesides, 1991, Bergstrom et al., 1992, Roberts et al., 2002, Caliceti and Veronese, 2003, Larsson et al., 2007, Fishburn, 2008, Wattendorf et al., 2008a, Wattendorf et al., 2008b, Jain and Nahar, 2010 and Jokerst et al., 2011), but also ideal molecules in the design of SGA and related tools. In the latter context, bifunctional PEG tags were recently used as protein-repelling spacers for glycan primers. These glycoPEG tags were conjugated to latex fluorescent beads and these glycoPEG-functionalized beads were shown to bind to a lectin array with higher sensitivity and selectivity than glycan beads without PEG tag (Etxebarria et al., 2013).