Activation of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes was inferred indirectly both by the IgG subclass response as well as by the production of cytokines by NS1-stimulated splenocytes (IFN-γ for a Th1-biased Dolutegravir pattern and IL5 for a Th2-biased response). Although IgG subclass response does not seem to be a particularly relevant parameter regarding DENV protection, INF-γ is known to interfere with viral replication and positively correlates with development of protective immunity [16] and [53]. In these two

aspects both FA and LTG33D showed similar behavior after s.c. administration to mice with a more balanced Th1/Th2 immune response pattern regarding animals immunized with NS1 and alum. It is conceivable that the partial protective immunity induced in mice immunized with FA or LTG33D Selleckchem INCB024360 vaccine formulations is closely related to the circulating NS1-specific antibodies, in accordance to previous observations [12], [13], [20] and [21]. More proper evaluation of the protective role of anti-NS1 T cell responses, particularly those involving activation of cytotoxic responses,

will require the development of protein-based vaccines with improved effect on the induction of CD8+ T cell-dependent responses or the testing of more complex vaccine regimens, such as those involving priming with NS1-encoding DNA vaccines. The safety of the vaccine formulation is a major issue for those working on the development of anti-dengue vaccines. Although protein-based subunit vaccines tend to be safer than vaccines based on live attenuated

or recombinant viruses [3], incorporation of an adjuvant Parvulin required for induction of better immune response may result in undesirable side effects, including strong inflammatory reactions. In addition, previous studies showed that NS1-specific antibodies generated during DENV infection may cross-react with different host proteins including proteins exposed on the surface of platelets and endothelial cells [22], [23], [24] and [54]. In our experimental conditions, no hepatic damage, exacerbated inflammatory reactions and, more relevantly, altered hematological parameters have been detected in mice immunized with NS1 admixed with LTG33D. These results further confirm that LTG33D represents an effective and safe vaccine adjuvant, particularly following administrative via parenteral routes. Further experiments should address the question of deleterious effects induced in vaccinated mice following challenge with other DENV types. Collectively the present results demonstrated that anti-DENV vaccines based on purified recombinant NS1 protein adjuvanted with a non-toxic LT derivative represent a new and promising alternative for the development of acellular-based dengue vaccines.