Therefore, we performed a retrospective population-based study to examine the use of NIV for ARF in the critically ill patients, in Olmsted County, Minnesota during the year of 2006. Methods We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study among

consecutively admitted adult (≥ 18years) patients with ARF at the Mayo Clinic medical and surgical ICUs in Rochester, MN, from January 1st 2006 to December 31st 2006. Olmsted county residents were identified based on the ZIP codes of their primary residence and verified with the REP database. The REP database is a medical record-linkage system, which links together the medical records of almost complete Olmsted County population, irrespective of any demographic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or regional characteristics [15,16]. If a patient had multiple hospital admissions, only the first ARF episode was considered for analysis. The study protocol was approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board. All eligible individuals who gave research authorization to review

their medical records for research were included. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Patients, who declined the use of their medical records for research, required invasive mechanical ventilation for less than 12 hours after surgical procedure and those who used CPAP WP1130 treatment for sleep apnea were excluded. Data abstraction and management Trained Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical critical care clinical and research fellows abstracted the data from the electronic medical records (EMR) using a standardized protocol. The causes of NIV use were identified according to the standard definitions. The data on demographics, code status preferences, underlying severity of pulmonary and nonpulmonary organ dysfunctions, ventilation type Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and interface (noninvasive, endotracheal tube or tracheostomy) were extracted from the EMR. The Multidisciplinary Epidemiology

and Translational Research Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in Intensive Care ICU datamart is an integrative database to extract ICU data from the hospital EMR [19]. Patient’s baseline characteristics, comorbidities and severity of illness (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE] III) scores, were collected from the EMR using the ICU datamart. Hemodynamic variables, fluid, drug infusion, Thymidine kinase laboratory parameters and ventilator settings were extracted from the ICU electronic database. All the relevant data from the patients’ medical records and bedside flow charts were reviewed from ICU admission to ICU discharge. The hospital mortality at discharge and hospital length of stay (LOS) was collected from the electronic database by manual chart review. Identification of noninvasive mechanical ventilation The use of NIV was defined as the acute need of positive pressure ventilatory support through a tightly fitted facial or nasal mask for more than one hour. Acute respiratory failure was defined as the acute need of IMV support for more than twelve hours or NIV including CPAP for more than one hour [20].